{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T18:38:16Z","timestamp":1776796696520,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lubrizol Nutraceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07202-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:42:40Z","timestamp":1751384560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative study of the effects of different iron sources on bioavailability and gastrointestinal tolerability in iron-deficient rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Marin\u00e9-Casad\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaiza","family":"Tobajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Antol\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Negra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Mar\u00eda","family":"Alcaide-Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Caimari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7202_CR1","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Anemia Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability by Cause 1990\u20132021. (2023)."},{"key":"7202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S. B., Arnipalli, S. R., Mehta, P., Carrau, S. & Ziouzenkova, O. Iron deficiency anemia: Efficacy and limitations of nutritional and comprehensive mitigation strategies. Nutrients 14 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142976"},{"key":"7202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001","volume":"65","author":"TS Koskenkorva-Frank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koskenkorva-Frank, T. S., Weiss, G., Koppenol, W. H. & Burckhardt, S. The complex interplay of iron metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species: insights into the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol. Med. 65, 1174\u20131194 (2013).","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol. Med."},{"key":"7202_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, G. A., Fisher, S. A., Doree, C., Di Angelantonio, E. & Roberts, D. J. Oral or parenteral iron supplementation to reduce deferral, iron deficiency and\/or anaemia in blood donors. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2014).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009532.pub2"},{"key":"7202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146873","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1146873","volume":"7","author":"HD Mu\u00f1oz-More","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-More, H. D. et al. Microencapsulated iron in food, techniques, coating material, efficiency, and sensory analysis: A Review. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 7, 1146873 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"7202_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i21.2619","volume":"18","author":"C Ettreiki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ettreiki, C. et al. Juvenile ferric iron prevents microbiota dysbiosis and colitis in adult rodents. World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 2619\u20132629 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"7202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/gidisord2040030","volume":"2","author":"ECL Finlayson-Trick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finlayson-Trick, E. C. L., Fischer, J. A. J., Goldfarb, D. M. & Karakochuk, C. D. The effects of Iron supplementation and fortification on the gut microbiota: A review. Gastrointest. Disord. 2, 327\u2013340 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Disord."},{"key":"7202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ze\u010dkanovi\u0107, A. et al. Microencapsulated ferric iron supplementation in the form of >\u2009your\u2009<\u2009iron syrup improves hemoglobin and ferritin levels in iron-deficient children: Double-blind, randomized clinical study of efficacy and safety. Nutrients 13 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041087"},{"key":"7202_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9574LSF","volume":"22","author":"S Reagan-Shaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reagan-Shaw, S., Nihal, M. & Ahmad, N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J. 22, 659\u2013661 (2008).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"7202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2014.11.001","volume":"23","author":"CC Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, C. C. et al. Effects of extracts from Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC. on iron bioavailability in rats. J. Food Drug Anal. 23, 425 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"7202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littell, R. C., Lewis, A. J. & Henry, P. R. Statistical evaluation of bioavailability assays. in Bioavailability Nutrients Animals 5\u201333 (1995).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012056250-3\/50028-7"},{"key":"7202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worwood, M., May, A. M. & Bain, B. J. Iron deficiency anaemia and Iron overload. Dacie Lewis Practical Haematology: Twelfth Ed. 165\u2013186 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6696-2.00009-6"},{"key":"7202_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12118","volume":"25","author":"J Sung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sung, J. et al. Effect of repeated Campylobacter jejuni infection on gut flora and mucosal defense in a rat model of post infectious functional and microbial bowel changes. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25, 529\u2013e372 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"7202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak, K. J. & Schmittgen, T. D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25, 402\u2013408 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"7202_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2729-y","volume":"54","author":"E L\u00e1zaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00e1zaro, E., Santas, J. & Rafecas, M. Recovery from dietary iron deficiency anaemia in rats by the intake of microencapsulated ferric saccharate. J. Food Sci. Technol. 54, 2913 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"7202_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(04)03333-1","volume":"10","author":"PT Gomme","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gomme, P. T. & McCann, K. B. Transferrin: Structure, function and potential therapeutic actions. Drug Discov. Today 10, 267\u2013273 (2005).","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"7202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-3-242","volume":"18","author":"S Bouri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouri, S. & Martin, J. Investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. Clin. Med. 18, 242 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"7202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolkien, Z., Stecher, L., Mander, A. P., Pereira, D. I. A. & Powell, J. J. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10 (2015).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117383"},{"key":"7202_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.019","volume":"26","author":"P Rangan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rangan, P. et al. Fasting-mimicking diet modulates microbiota and promotes intestinal regeneration to reduce inflammatory bowel disease pathology. Cell. Rep. 26, 2704\u20132719e6 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"7202_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Characterization and analysis of the Temporal and Spatial dynamic of several enteritis modeling methodologies. Front. Immunol. 12 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.727664"},{"key":"7202_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malesza, I. J. et al. The dark side of iron: The Relationship between iron, inflammation and gut microbiota in selected diseases associated with iron deficiency anaemia-a narrative review. Nutrients 14 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173478"},{"key":"7202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2013.48.1.10","volume":"48","author":"G D\u2019Angelo","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo, G. Role of hepcidin in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia. Blood Res. 48, 10 (2013).","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"7202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01294","volume":"10","author":"A Pagani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pagani, A., Nai, A., Silvestri, L. & Camaschella, C. Hepcidin and anemia: A tight relationship. Front. Physiol. 10, 1294 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"7202_CR24","first-page":"791","volume":"22","author":"PS Oates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oates, P. S. The role of Hepcidin and Ferroportin in iron absorption. Histol. Histopathol. 22, 791\u2013804 (2007).","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"7202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2012","volume":"93","author":"D G\u00fcnzel","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00fcnzel, D. & Yu, A. S. L. Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability. Physiol. Rev. 93, 525 (2013).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"7202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2015.13.1.11","volume":"13","author":"SH Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: Implication on inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res. 13, 11 (2015).","journal-title":"Intest Res."},{"key":"7202_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venugopal, S., Anwer, S. & Sz\u00e1szi, K. Claudin-2: Roles beyond permeability functions. Int J. Mol. Sci. 20 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225655"},{"key":"7202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735418794885","volume":"17","author":"M Thomsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomsen, M. & Vitetta, L. Adjunctive treatments for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced mucositis. Integr. Cancer Ther. 17, 1027 (2018).","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"7202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S., Yeom, J. & Lim, Y. H. Dairy Propionibacterium freudenreichii ameliorates acute colitis by stimulating MUC2 expression in intestinal goblet cell in a DSS-induced colitis rat model. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201313 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62497-8"},{"key":"7202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-022-00695-x","volume":"17","author":"A Shahini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shahini, A. & Shahini, A. Role of interleukin-6-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: Focus on the available therapeutic approaches and gut microbiome. J. Cell. Commun. Signal. 17, 55 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"key":"7202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02218-4","volume":"199","author":"Q Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, Q. et al. Iron overload resulting from the chronic oral administration of ferric citrate impairs intestinal immune and barrier in mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 199, 1027\u20131036 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"7202_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S81863","volume":"9","author":"JE Toblli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toblli, J. E., Cao, G. & Angerosa, M. Ferrous sulfate, but not iron polymaltose complex, aggravates local and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 9, 2585\u20132597 (2015).","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"7202_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-005-0011-7","volume":"21","author":"JC Carrier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carrier, J. C., Aghdassi, E., Jeejeebhoy, K. & Allard, J. P. Exacerbation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by dietary iron supplementation: Role of NF-\u03baB. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 21, 381\u2013387 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"7202_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.002","volume":"47","author":"S Fang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fang, S., Zhuo, Z., Yu, X., Wang, H. & Feng, J. Oral administration of liquid iron preparation containing excess iron induces intestine and liver injury, impairs intestinal barrier function and alters the gut microbiota in rats. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 47, 12\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"7202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2017.0044","volume":"76","author":"S Seyyedin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seyyedin, S. & Nazem, M. N. Histomorphometric study of the effect of methionine on small intestine parameters in rat: An applied histologic study. Folia Morphol. (Warsz) 76, 620\u2013629 (2017).","journal-title":"Folia Morphol. (Warsz)"},{"key":"7202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudry, G., Yang, P. C. & Perdue, M. H. Small intestine, anatomy. Encyclopedia Gastroenterol. 404\u2013409 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-386860-2\/00648-1"},{"key":"7202_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recalcati, S. & Cairo, G. Macrophages and iron: A special relationship. Biomedicines 9 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111585"},{"key":"7202_CR38","first-page":"2878","volume":"141","author":"N Sukhbaatar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sukhbaatar, N. et al. Duodenal macrophages control dietary iron absorption via local degradation of transferrin. Blood 141, 2878 (2023).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"7202_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canonne-Hergaux, F., Donovan, A., Delaby, C., Wang, H. J. & Gros, P. Comparative studies of duodenal and macrophage ferroportin proteins. Am J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290 (2006).","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00227.2005"},{"key":"7202_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganz, T. Macrophages and Iron metabolism. Microbiol. Spectr. 4 (2016).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MCHD-0037-2016"},{"key":"7202_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvv121","volume":"159","author":"H Ohno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohno, H. Intestinal M cells. J. Biochem. 159, 151 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"7202_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00359.x","volume":"52","author":"SC Corr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corr, S. C., Gahan, C. C. G. M. & Hill, C. M-cells: Origin, morphology and role in mucosal immunity and microbial pathogenesis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 52, 2\u201312 (2008).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"7202_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheletto, M. et al. Intestinal absorption study of a granular form of ferric pyrophosphate. Metabolites 12 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050463"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07202-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07202-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07202-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:42:47Z","timestamp":1751384567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07202-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07202-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The Animal Ethics Committee of the UTNS-REUS (Reus, Spain) and the Generalitat de Catalunya approved all the procedures. The study was carried out following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and in accordance with the European provisions of Directive 86\/609\/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}}],"article-number":"21033"}}