{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:16:19Z","timestamp":1784297779193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07296-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T14:00:40Z","timestamp":1751378440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatiotemporal distribution of sustained dengue hotspots associated with climate and urbanisation in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Murali Krishna","family":"Gurram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Gwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7296_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Zhan, J., Chen, L., Chen, H. & Cheng, S. Global, regional, and National dengue burden from 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2017. eClinicalMedicine 32 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100712 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100712"},{"issue":"7446","key":"7296_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","volume":"496","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhatt, S. et al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496 (7446), 504\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12060 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7296_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. DENGUE - GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL. (2009)."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s1567-1348(03)00004-2","volume":"3","author":"EC Holmes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holmes, E. C. & Twiddy, S. S. The origin, emergence and evolutionary genetics of dengue virus. Infect. Genet. Evol. 3 (1), 19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1567-1348(03)00004-2 (2003).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"4","key":"7296_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.02.003","volume":"9","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver, S. C. & Vasilakis, N. Molecular evolution of dengue viruses: contributions of phylogenetics to Understanding the history and epidemiology of the preeminent arboviral disease. Infect. Genet. Evol. 9 (4), 523\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.02.003 (2009).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"7296_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.026","volume":"151","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ebi, K. L. & Nealon, J. Dengue in a changing climate. Environ. Res. 151, 115\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.026 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"7296_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8","volume":"4","author":"JP Messina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Messina, J. P. et al. The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nat. Microbiol. 4 (9), 1508\u20131515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"7296_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136286","volume":"10","author":"CJ Struchiner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Struchiner, C. J., Rockl\u00f6v, J., Wilder-Smith, A. & Massad, E. Increasing dengue incidence in Singapore over the past 40 years: population growth, climate and mobility. PLOS ONE. 10 (8), e0136286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0136286 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"7296_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048258","volume":"7","author":"M Oki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oki, M., Yamamoto, T. & Climate Change Population immunity, and hyperendemicity in the transmission threshold of dengue. PLOS ONE. 7 (10), e48258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0048258 (2012).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"7296_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz110","volume":"188","author":"LK Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan, L. K. et al. Force of infection and true infection rate of dengue in singapore: implications for dengue control and management. Am. J. Epidemiol. 188 (8), 1529\u20131538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwz110 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2011.572279","volume":"21","author":"E Pinto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pinto, E., Coelho, M., Oliver, L. & Massad, E. The influence of climate variables on dengue in Singapore. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 21 (6), 415\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09603123.2011.572279 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1108-5","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Neighbourhood\u00e1level real-time forecasting of dengue cases in tropical urban Singapore. BMC Med. 16 (1), 129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1108-5 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"7296_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gui, H., Gwee, S., Koh, J. & Pang, J. Weather factors associated with reduced risk of dengue transmission in an urbanized tropical City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19010339 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010339"},{"key":"7296_CR14","first-page":"2424","volume":"9","author":"S Sulistyawati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulistyawati, S. & Fatmawati, F. GIS for dengue surveillance: A systematic review. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res. 9, 2424\u20132428 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"7296_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509981","volume":"124","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, Y. et al. Three-Month Real-Time dengue forecast models: an early warning system for outbreak alerts and policy decision support in Singapore. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 1369\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1509981 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0650","volume":"86","author":"J Duncombe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duncombe, J. et al. Geographical information systems for dengue surveillance. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86 (5), 753\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0650 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006587","volume":"12","author":"J Ong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ong, J. et al. Mapping dengue risk in Singapore using random forest. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12 (6), e0006587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006587 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"7296_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anno, S. et al. Spatiotemporal dengue fever hotspots associated with Climatic factors in Taiwan including outbreak predictions based on machine-learning. Geospat Health. 14 (2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/gh.2019.771 (2019).","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2019.771"},{"issue":"9","key":"7296_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1445448","volume":"14","author":"SB Halstead","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halstead, S. B. Safety issues from a phase 3 clinical trial of a live-attenuated chimeric yellow fever tetravalent dengue vaccine. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 14 (9), 2158\u20132162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2018.1445448 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.061","volume":"38","author":"V Tricou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tricou, V. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a tetravalent dengue vaccine with two different serotype-2 potencies in adults in singapore: A phase 2, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Vaccine 38 (6), 1513\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.061 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"7296_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.22271\/23487941.2020.v7.i6a.484","volume":"7","author":"MA K R TR","year":"2020","unstructured":"K R TR, M. A. & Mn, S. GIS-Based analysis of the Spatial distribution of dengue disease in Mysuru district and india, 2013\u20132018. Int. J. Mosq. Res. 7, 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22271\/23487941.2020.v7.i6a.484 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mosq. Res."},{"key":"7296_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.20884\/1.iphj.2020.1.1.3012","volume":"1","author":"S Sulistyawati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sulistyawati, S. Measuring the dengue risk area using geographic information system: a review. Insights Public. Health J. 1, 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20884\/1.iphj.2020.1.1.3012 (2020).","journal-title":"Insights Public. Health J."},{"issue":"17","key":"7296_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2129","volume":"24","author":"T Nakaya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakaya, T., Fotheringham, A. S., Brunsdon, C. & Charlton, M. Geographically weighted Poisson regression for disease association mapping. Stat. Med. 24 (17), 2695\u20132717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.2129 (2005).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01514-y","volume":"21","author":"A Poliart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poliart, A. et al. Using geographically weighted Poisson regression to examine the association between socioeconomic factors and hysterectomy incidence in wallonia, Belgium. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 21 (1), 373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01514-y (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"7296_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-006-9111-5","volume":"22","author":"O I\u015fik","year":"2006","unstructured":"I\u015fik, O. & Pinarcio\u011flu, M. M. Geographies of a silent transition: a geographically weighted regression approach to regional fertility differences in Turkey. Eur. J. Popul. \/ Revue Europ\u00e9enne De D\u00e9mographie. 22 (4), 399\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-006-9111-5 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul. \/ Revue Europ\u00e9enne De D\u00e9mographie"},{"issue":"7","key":"7296_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8072798","volume":"8","author":"CH Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin, C. H. & Wen, T. H. Using geographically weighted regression (GWR) to explore Spatial varying relationships of immature mosquitoes and human densities with the incidence of dengue. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 8 (7), 2798\u20132815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8072798 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"7296_CR27","unstructured":"Weather and Climate in Singapore GuideMeSingapore [Available from: https:\/\/www.guidemesingapore.com\/business-guides\/immigration\/get-to-know-singapore\/weather-and-climate-in-singapore"},{"key":"7296_CR28","unstructured":"SingStat Population Trends 2018 - Singapore 2018 [cited 2021 12 October]. Available from: www.singstat.gov.sg; (2018)."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.10.012","volume":"12","author":"KS Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, K. S. et al. Dengue virus surveillance in Singapore reveals high viral diversity through multiple introductions and in situ evolution. Infect. Genet. Evol. 12 (1), 77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.10.012 (2012).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"7296_CR30","unstructured":"NEA. National Environmental Agency Singapore. [ (2021). Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/"},{"key":"7296_CR31","unstructured":"Singapore Population. (Live) World Population Review2023 [ (2023). Available from: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/singapore-population"},{"key":"7296_CR32","unstructured":"Pro, A. How Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) works ArcGIS Pro [Available from: https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/2.7\/tool-reference\/spatial-statistics\/how-geographicallyweightedregression-works.htm"},{"key":"7296_CR33","unstructured":"Eurostat. Degree of urban classification \u2013\u20092011 revision: Eurostat. [ (2011). Available from: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Degree_of_urbanisation_classification_-_2011_revision#Degree_of_urbanisation_classification"},{"issue":"12","key":"7296_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208487","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208487","volume":"13","author":"D Balk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balk, D., Leyk, S., Jones, B., Montgomery, M. R. & Clark, A. Understanding urbanization: A study of census and satellite-derived urban classes in the united states, 1990\u20132010. PLOS ONE. 13 (12), e0208487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208487 (2018).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"7296_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Song, Y., Cai, J. & Zhu, H. Population mapping in China with tencent social user and remote sensing data. Appl. Geogr. 130 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102450 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2021.102450"},{"key":"7296_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nur Edayu, Z. & Syerrina, Z. A statistical analysis for geographical weighted regression. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. ;169:012105. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/169\/1\/012105","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/169\/1\/012105"},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00625.x","volume":"20","author":"AE Carbajo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carbajo, A. E., Curto, S. I. & Schweigmann, N. J. Spatial distribution pattern of oviposition in the mosquito Aedes aegypti in relation to urbanization in Buenos aires: Southern fringe bionomics of an introduced vector. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20 (2), 209\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00625.x (2006).","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"issue":"9","key":"7296_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009631","volume":"15","author":"A Kolimenakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kolimenakis, A. et al. The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit\u2014A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15 (9), e0009631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009631 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12131","volume":"40","author":"DM Samson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samson, D. M. et al. New baseline environmental assessment of mosquito ecology in Northern Haiti during increased urbanization. J. Vector Ecol. 40 (1), 46\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvec.12131 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"issue":"7","key":"7296_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005751","volume":"11","author":"JBZ Zahouli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahouli, J. B. Z. et al. Urbanization is a main driver for the larval ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in arbovirus-endemic settings in south-eastern c\u221a\u00a5te d\u2019ivoire. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11 (7), e0005751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005751 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1778-9","volume":"9","author":"JBZ Zahouli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahouli, J. B. Z. et al. Oviposition ecology And species composition of Aedes spp. And Aedes aegypti dynamics in variously urbanized settings in arbovirus foci in southeastern c\u221a\u00a5te d\u201a\u00e4\u00f4ivoire. Parasites Vectors. 9 (1), 523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1778-9 (2016).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"7296_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003301","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Urbanization increases Aedes albopictus larval habitats and accelerates mosquito development and survivorship. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8 (11), e3301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003301 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0533-9","volume":"8","author":"L Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Ren, H-Y., Shi, R-H. & Lu, L. Spatiotemporal characteristics and primary influencing factors of typical dengue fever epidemics in China. Infect. Dis. Poverty. 8 (1), 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0533-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"7296_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.07.023","volume":"75","author":"Y Yue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yue, Y. et al. Spatial analysis of dengue fever and exploration of its environmental and socio-economic risk factors using ordinary least squares: A case study in five districts of Guangzhou city, china, 2014. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 75, 39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.07.023 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7296_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, C-H. & Wen, T-H. Using geographically weighted regression (GWR) to explore Spatial varying relationships of immature mosquitoes and human densities with the incidence of dengue. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 8 (7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph8072798 (2011).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8072798"},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.646","volume":"71","author":"JB Siqueira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siqueira, J. B. et al. Household survey of dengue infection in central brazil: Spatial point pattern analysis and risk factors assessment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71 (5), 646\u2013651 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/2017gh000080","volume":"2","author":"OME Seidahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seidahmed, O. M. E., Lu, D., Chong, C. S., Ng, L. C. & Eltahir, E. A. B. Patterns of urban housing shape dengue distribution in Singapore at neighborhood and country scales. Geohealth 2 (1), 54\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017gh000080 (2018).","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04554-9","volume":"14","author":"H Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of the main dengue vector populations in Singapore. Parasites Vectors. 14 (1), 41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04554-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7296_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/40644(2002)284","author":"S Burian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burian, S. & Edwards, F. Historical perspectives of urban drainage. Global Solutions Urban Drain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/40644(2002)284 (2002).","journal-title":"Global Solutions Urban Drain."},{"key":"7296_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7159132","volume":"2016","author":"TL Winston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winston, T. L., Chow, B. D. & Cheong, Ho, B. H. A multimethod approach towards assessing urban flood patterns and its associated vulnerabilities in Singapore. Adv. Meteorol. 2016, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7159132 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"7296_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khalid, B., Bueh, C. & Ghaffar, A. Assessing the factors of dengue transmission in urban environments of Pakistan. Atmosphere 12 (6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos12060773 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12060773"},{"issue":"3","key":"7296_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009182","volume":"15","author":"C Nosrat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nosrat, C. et al. Impact of recent climate extremes on mosquito-borne disease transmission in Kenya. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15 (3), e0009182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009182 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"7296_CR53","unstructured":"Koh, J. Major floods in Singapore: Singapore Infopedia; [ (2021). Available from: https:\/\/eresources.nlb.gov.sg\/infopedia\/articles\/SIP_780_2004-12-30.html"},{"key":"7296_CR54","unstructured":"Singapore, M. S. Forecast - Monsoon Update 2022 [Available from: http:\/\/www.weather.gov.sg\/weather-forecast-monsoon-update\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"7296_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004842","volume":"10","author":"OME Seidahmed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seidahmed, O. M. E. & Eltahir, E. A. B. A sequence of Flushing and drying of breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) prior to the low dengue season in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10 (7), e0004842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004842 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"7296_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001378","volume":"5","author":"R Barrera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barrera, R., Amador, M. & MacKay, A. J. Population dynamics of Aedes aegypti and dengue as influenced by weather and human behavior in San juan, Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 5 (12), e1378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001378 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"7296_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306556","volume":"121","author":"CW Morin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morin, C. W., Comrie, A. C. & Ernst, K. Climate and dengue transmission: evidence and implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 121 (11\u201312), 1264\u20131272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1306556 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"12","key":"7296_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006935","volume":"12","author":"CM Benedum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benedum, C. M., Seidahmed, O. M. E., Eltahir, E. A. B. & Markuzon, N. Statistical modeling of the effect of rainfall Flushing on dengue transmission in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12 (12), e0006935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006935 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0575-4","volume":"17","author":"Y-H Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai, Y-H. The Climatic factors affecting dengue fever outbreaks in Southern taiwan: an application of symbolic data analysis. Biomed. Eng. Online. 17 (2), 148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-018-0575-4 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-351","volume":"6","author":"OJ Brady","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brady, O. J. et al. Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings. Parasites Vectors. 6 (1), 351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-351 (2013).","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7296_CR61","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"WA Hawley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hawley, W. A. The biology of Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. Suppl. 1, 1\u201339 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. Suppl."},{"issue":"4","key":"7296_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005568","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568","volume":"11","author":"EA Mordecai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mordecai, E. A. et al. Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of zika, dengue, and Chikungunya using mechanistic models. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11 (4), e0005568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"7296_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002052","volume":"137","author":"HM Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang, H. M., Macoris, M. L. G., Galvani, K. C., Andrighetti, M. T. M. & Wanderley, D. M. V. Assessing the effects of temperature on dengue transmission. Epidemiol. Infect. 137 (8), 1179\u20131187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268809002052 (2009).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"7296_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145117","volume":"775","author":"A Seah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seah, A., Aik, J., Ng, L-C. & Tam, C. C. The effects of maximum ambient temperature and heatwaves on dengue infections in the tropical city-state of Singapore \u201a\u00e4\u00ec A time series analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 775, 145117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145117 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"19","key":"7296_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.021","volume":"408","author":"S-C Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, S-C. et al. Lagged temperature effect with mosquito transmission potential explains dengue variability in Southern taiwan: insights from a statistical analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (19), 4069\u20134075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.021 (2010).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5532-4","volume":"18","author":"JA Iguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iguchi, J. A., Seposo, X. T. & Honda, Y. Meteorological factors affecting dengue incidence in davao, Philippines. BMC Public. Health. 18 (1), 629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5532-4 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002805","volume":"8","author":"H-Y Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, H-Y. et al. Statistical modeling reveals the effect of absolute humidity on dengue in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8 (5), e2805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002805 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0321","volume":"89","author":"KM Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell, K. M., Lin, C. D., Iamsirithaworn, S. & Scott, T. W. The complex relationship between weather and dengue virus transmission in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89 (6), 1066\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0321 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07296-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07296-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07296-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1751378443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07296-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07296-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6004671\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21532"}}