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Several microbial strains play crucial roles in this process and catalyse pathways for the formation of minerals, which are believed to substantially reduce the environmental impact of building materials and activities. Among the studied strains,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not as common as\n                    <jats:italic>Sporosarcina<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. The latter microorganisms are well known to drive the fastest ureolytic-driven MICP process, i.e., precipitation of CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    after urea breakdown into carbonate and CaCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    addition to the system. This paper sheds light on the activities of\n                    <jats:italic>B. megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which possesses dual enzymatic capabilities for MICP and is equipped with both the enzymes urease and carbonic anhydrase. We postulate that, depending on the growth conditions,\n                    <jats:italic>B. megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    can activate either of these genes to ultimately induce CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    precipitation. Herein, experiments are carried out in open and closed systems. C\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    -labelled urea is employed to identify the carbon source in the precipitated CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the precipitation of calcite. In the presence of urea and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at atmospheric levels,\n                    <jats:italic>B. megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    activates the ureolytic pathway to perform urea hydrolysis. However, at increased CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels, more precisely, at levels greater than 470 times the atmospheric level, carbonic anhydrase is activated, catalysing the hydration of the molecule to produce HCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    . When C\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    -labelled urea was utilized, only 6% of the precipitated CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    mineral was linked to ureolysis, and it was found that the remaining 94% was formed due to the mineralization of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Overall, in this work, we aim to introduce the process conditions and protocols that favour the sequestration of atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    via the metabolic activities of\n                    <jats:italic>B. megaterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07323-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:03:22Z","timestamp":1751382202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Bacillus megaterium favours CO\u2082 mineralization into CaCO\u2083 over the ureolytic pathway"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Margherita","family":"Cappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Perego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Terzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"7323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.796550","volume":"29","author":"AJ Phillips","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillips, A. 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The research, analysis, and findings presented are independent of any financial, professional, or personal relationships that could influence the content or interpretation of the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21861"}}