{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T13:06:37Z","timestamp":1771851997470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306025\/2018-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306025\/2018-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311562\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311562\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310445\/2017- 5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310445\/2017- 5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOC-026-FIO-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOC-026-FIO-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Nacional de Controle e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o da Mal\u00e1ria\/Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade\/Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.925\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.925\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/202.921\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.921\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Malaria remains a pressing health challenge in Brazil, primarily due to <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>. Most cases occur in the Amazon; however, outbreaks in the Atlantic Forest involving <jats:italic>P. simium<\/jats:italic>, a non-human primate parasite closely related to <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, have posed challenges for control efforts. This study aimed to differentiate <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infections from those of <jats:italic>P. simium<\/jats:italic> acquired within the Atlantic Forest. Ninety-nine samples initially identified as <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>-positive, comprising 95 from humans and four from non-human primates, were analyzed. The results using a refined molecular tool revealed that 93% of human samples from the Atlantic Forest were <jats:italic>P. simium<\/jats:italic>, corroborating the substantial rate of zoonotic transmission in this region. The remaining samples from the Amazon and nearby countries were confirmed as <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, including five Atlantic Forest cases linked to travel to endemic areas, suggesting imported or relapsed cases. The study emphasizes the importance of molecular tools in accurately distinguishing malaria parasite species, especially in identifying the origins of the parasites infecting humans. This understanding is crucial for grasping malaria transmission dynamics, ensuring accurate epidemiological surveillance, and preventing zoonotic transmission. It also supports targeted control strategies and effective public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07900-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T03:08:59Z","timestamp":1751512139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnosing P. simium zoonotic malaria infection in the Rio de Janeiro Atlantic forest, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"de F\u00e1tima Ferreira-da-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Ketrin","family":"Almeida-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"de Abreu-Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline Rosa","family":"de Lavigne Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziela","family":"Zanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipe Vieira Santos","family":"de Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anielle","family":"de Pina-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Brasil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Tadeu","family":"Daniel-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7900_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2024: Addressing Inequity in the Global Malaria Response. (2024)."},{"key":"7900_CR2","unstructured":"Brazil Ministry of Health. Data for Citizens from the Sivep-Mal\u00e1ria\/SVSA\/MS, Sinan\/SVSA\/MS and, E-SUS-VS Data Sources, for Notifications in Brazil from 2007 to 2025. (2025). https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/app\/profile\/mal.ria.brasil\/viz\/Dadosparacidado_201925_03_2020\/Incio"},{"key":"7900_CR3","unstructured":"Brazil Ministry of Health. Epidemiological overview of malaria in 2021 seeking the path to malaria elimination in Brazil. (2022). www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/m\/malaria\/situacao-epidemiologica-da-malaria\/boletins-epidemiologicos-de-malaria\/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no17-2022-panorama-epidemiologico-da-malaria-em-2021-buscando-o-caminho-para-a-eliminacao-da-malaria-no-brasil\/view"},{"key":"7900_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pina-Costa, A. et al. Malaria in Brazil: What happens outside the Amazonian endemic region? Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 109, 618\u2013633 (2014).","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140228"},{"key":"7900_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleydmann, K. et al. Is Brazil reaching malaria elimination? A time series analysis of malaria cases from 2011 to 2023.) PLOS Glob. Public Health 4(1), e0002845 (2024).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002845"},{"key":"7900_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007906","volume":"13","author":"FVS Abreu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abreu, F. V. S. et al. Howler monkeys are the reservoir of malarial parasites causing zoonotic infections in the Atlantic forest of Rio de Janeiro. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007906 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"7900_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07238-0","volume":"120","author":"LM Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira, L. M. et al. Residual malaria of Atlantic forest systems and the influence of anopheline fauna. Parasitol. Res. 120, 2759\u20132767 (2021).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"7900_CR8","volume-title":"Malaria Treatment Guide in Brazil. Guia De Tratamento Da Mal\u00e1ria No Brasil","author":"Brazil Ministry of Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brazil Ministry of Health. Secretaria de vigil\u00e2ncia Em Sa\u00fade departamento de imuniza\u00e7\u00e3o e Doen\u00e7as transmiss\u00edveis. Malaria Treatment Guide in Brazil. Guia De Tratamento Da Mal\u00e1ria No Brasil. vol. 2 (Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia, 2021)."},{"key":"7900_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30333-9","volume":"5","author":"P Brasil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brasil, P. et al. Outbreak of human malaria caused by plasmodium simium in the Atlantic forest in Rio de janeiro: A molecular epidemiological investigation. Lancet Glob Health. 5, e1038\u2013e1046 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"7900_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Alvarenga, D. A. M. et al. An assay for the identification of Plasmodium simium infection for the diagnosis of zoonotic malaria in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 86 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18216-x"},{"key":"7900_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1086\/524889","volume":"46","author":"NJ White","year":"2008","unstructured":"White, N. J. Plasmodium knowlesi: The fifth human malaria parasite. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 172\u2013173 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7900_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-68","volume":"13","author":"TH Ta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ta, T. H. et al. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar. J. 13, 1\u20137 (2014).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"7900_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, P. T. et al. Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the new world. Sci. Rep. 8, 1993 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19554-0"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"7900_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761992000700001","volume":"87","author":"LM Deane","year":"1992","unstructured":"Deane, L. M. Simian malaria in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 87 (Suppl 3), 1\u201320 (1992).","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"7900_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-180","volume":"12","author":"MS Ara\u00fajo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, M. S. et al. Natural plasmodium infection in monkeys in the state of rond\u00f4nia (Brazilian Western Amazon). Malar. J. 12, 1 (2013).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"7900_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2080-9","volume":"16","author":"J Buery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buery, J. et al. Mitochondrial genome of plasmodium vivax\/simium detected in an endemic region for malaria in the Atlantic forest of Esp\u00edrito Santo state, brazil: Do mosquitoes, simians and humans harbour the same parasite? Malar. J. 16, 437 (2017).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"7900_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silva, P. D. B. et al. Autochthonous Simian malaria in Brazil outside the amazon: Emergence, zoonotic transmission and implications for disease control. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100928"},{"key":"7900_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-De-Oliveira, N. K. et al. Analytical validation of real-time quantitative Pcr assays for optimum diagnosis of Vivax malaria. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 114, e180350 (2019).","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760180350"},{"key":"7900_CR19","unstructured":"Torres, K. L. Padroniza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma Rea\u00e7\u00e3o de Polimeriza\u00e7\u00e3o Em Cadeia (PCR) Para o Diagn\u00f3stico Da mal\u00e1ria Por plasmodium Vivax Em indiv\u00edduos pauciparasitados. (P\u00f3s gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Parasit\u00e1ria, 1999)."},{"key":"7900_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2485-0","volume":"17","author":"FVS De Abreu","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Abreu, F. V. S. et al. Frozen blood clots can be used for the diagnosis of distinct plasmodium species in man and non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Malar. J. 17, 1\u20135 (2018).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"7900_CR21","unstructured":"Hall, T. A. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program. Nucl. Acids. Symp. Ser. 41, 95\u201398 (1999)."},{"key":"7900_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2754005","volume":"15","author":"SDR Weckx","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weckx, S. et al. D. R. NovoSNP, a novel computational tool for sequence variation discovery. Genome Res. 15, 436\u2013442 (2005).","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07900-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07900-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07900-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T03:09:07Z","timestamp":1751512147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07900-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07900-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}}],"article-number":"23695"}}