{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T09:54:17Z","timestamp":1793267657522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07920-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T22:33:19Z","timestamp":1751409199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Factors influencing tobacco smoking among men aged 15\u201349\u00a0years in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"David Mensah","family":"Otoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Salu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Tsekpetse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Othniel Nee-Koteifio","family":"Kotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7920_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. Tobacco. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco (2023)."},{"issue":"18","key":"7920_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101073","volume":"1","author":"PK Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, P. K., Yadav, A., Singh, L., Singh, S. & Mehrotra, R. Social determinants of dual tobacco use in India: An analysis based on the two rounds of global adult tobacco survey. Prev. Med. Rep. 1(18), 101073 (2020).","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056535","volume":"31","author":"X Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, X., Gakidou, E. & Lopez, A. D. Evolution of the global smoking epidemic over the past half century: Strengthening the evidence base for policy action. BMJ Tob. Control 31(2), 129\u2013137 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ Tob. Control"},{"key":"7920_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000\u20132025, 4th edn. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240039322 (2021)."},{"key":"7920_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. 90% of smokeless tobacco users live in South-East Asia. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/southeastasia\/news\/detail\/11-09-2013-90-of-smokeless-tobacco-users-live-in-south-east-asia (2023)."},{"key":"7920_CR6","unstructured":"WHO. Tobacco EURO. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/health-topics\/tobacco#tab=tab_2 (2025)."},{"issue":"5","key":"7920_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw032","volume":"26","author":"ME Leon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leon, M. E. et al. Smokeless tobacco use in Sweden and other 17 European countries. Eur. J. Public Health 26(5), 817\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw032 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7920_CR8","first-page":"492","volume":"50","author":"M Solhi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solhi, M. et al. The reasons for using smokeless tobacco: A review. Iran. J. Public Health 50(3), 492 (2021).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"7920_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e067582","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067582","volume":"378","author":"M Theilmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Theilmann, M. et al. Patterns of tobacco use in low and middle income countries by tobacco product and sociodemographic characteristics: Nationally representative survey data from 82 countries. BMJ 378, e067582 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"7920_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9117","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29120713","volume":"29","author":"A Shankar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shankar, A. et al. Advancing tobacco cessation in LMICs. Curr. Oncol. 29(12), 9117 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"7920_CR11","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control [CDC]. Smoking and Tobacco Use. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/about\/index.html (2024)."},{"key":"7920_CR12","unstructured":"U. S. Food & Drug Adminstration. Health Effects of Tobacco Use. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/tobacco-products\/public-health-education\/health-effects-tobacco-use (2024)."},{"issue":"8","key":"7920_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e047847","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047847","volume":"11","author":"G Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha, G., Phuyal, P., Gautam, R., Mulmi, R. & Pradhan, P. M. S. Burden of tobacco in Nepal: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132017. BMJ Open 11(8), e047847 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"7920_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2024-058717","volume":"33","author":"JA Tauras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tauras, J. A. Tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries: Findings from WHO FCTC investment cases. Tob. Control 33, s1\u2013s2 (2024).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa055","volume":"13","author":"GN Khanal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khanal, G. N. & Khatri, R. B. Burden, prevention and control of tobacco consumption in Nepal: A narrative review of existing evidence. Int. Health 13(2), 110\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa055 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"7920_CR16","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population [Nepal], New ERA and I. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022 [Internet]. Kathmandu, Nepal. Available from: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR379\/FR379.pdf (2023)."},{"key":"7920_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1","volume":"52","author":"A Bandura","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 1\u201326 (2001).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01617-0","volume":"22","author":"A Jafari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafari, A., Mahdizadeh, M., Peyman, N., Gholian-Aval, M. & Tehrani, H. Exploration the role of social, cultural and environmental factors in tendency of female adolescents to smoking based on the qualitative content analysis. BMC Womens Health 22(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-022-01617-0 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"7920_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20212594","volume":"8","author":"BN Das","year":"2021","unstructured":"Das, B. N., Mohandas, A. & Syed, S. Study of stress, anxiety, depression and coping strategies among nursing students in a tertiary care teaching hospital, South India. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health 8(7), 3400\u20133405 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"7920_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189360","volume":"13","author":"JD Robalino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robalino, J. D. & Macy, M. Peer effects on adolescent smoking: Are popular teens more influential?. PLoS ONE 13(7), e0189360 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003218","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003218","volume":"4","author":"AJ Saari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saari, A. J., Kentala, J. & Mattila, K. J. The smoking habit of a close friend or family member\u2014how deep is the impact? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 4(2), e003218 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"7920_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16385","volume":"9","author":"R Lakshmi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lakshmi, R., Romate, J., Rajkumar, E., George, A. J. & Wajid, M. Factors influencing tobacco use behaviour initiation\u2014From the perspective of the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation- Behaviour (COM-B) Model. Heliyon 9(6), e16385 (2023).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39635-y","volume":"9","author":"N Shrestha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shrestha, N., Mehata, S., Pradhan, P. M. S., Joshi, D. & Mishra, S. R. A nationally representative study on socio-demographic and geographic correlates, and trends in tobacco use in Nepal. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"7920_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.01.014","volume":"8","author":"R Das Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das Gupta, R. et al. Factors associated with tobacco use among Nepalese men aged 15\u201349 years: Data from Nepal demographic and Health Survey 2016. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 8(3), 748\u2013757 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"7920_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222572","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222572","volume":"14","author":"CT Leshargie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leshargie, C. T. et al. The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 14(10), e0222572 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7920_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. Tobacco control: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/sdg-target-3_a-tobacco-control (2024)."},{"issue":"12","key":"7920_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.014","volume":"12","author":"JP Vandenbroucke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke, J. P. et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration. Int. J. Surg. 12(12), 1500\u20131524 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"7920_CR28","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials","author":"M Sunn\u00e5ker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sunn\u00e5ker, M. & Stelling, J. Model extension and model selection. In Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials 213\u2013241 (Springer, 2016)."},{"issue":"7","key":"7920_CR29","first-page":"546","volume":"13","author":"N Kock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kock, N. & Lynn, G. S. Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 13(7), 546\u2013580 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"issue":"11","key":"7920_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277758","volume":"17","author":"MS Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam, M. S. et al. Cigarette smoking and associated factors among men in five South Asian countries: A pooled analysis of nationally representative surveys. PLoS ONE 17(11), e0277758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277758 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"7920_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa067","volume":"22","author":"DN Bhatta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatta, D. N., Crosbie, E., Bialous, S. A. & Glantz, S. Defending comprehensive tobacco control policy implementation in Nepal from tobacco industry interference (2011\u20132018). Nicotine Tob. Res. 22(12), 2203 (2020).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-016-0075-x","volume":"14","author":"RK Bhaskar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhaskar, R. K. et al. Prevalence and correlates of tobacco use among adolescents in the schools of Kalaiya, Nepal: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study. Tob. Induc. Dis 14(1), 1\u20137 (2016).","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3126\/jkahs.v3i2.30783","volume":"3","author":"B Kc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kc, B., Oli, L. K. & Dahal, N. Awareness and implementation status of tobacco policy provisions among students of public schools in Budhanilkantha Municipality, Nepal. J. Karnali Acad. Health Sci. 3(2), 41\u201346 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Karnali Acad. Health Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051638","volume":"25","author":"S Soneji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soneji, S., Sargent, J. & Tanski, S. Multiple tobacco product use among US adolescents and young adults. Tob. Control 25(2), 174\u2013180 (2016).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"7920_CR35","unstructured":"Kumar Gurung, J. Enforcement of Tobacco Control Policies in Nepal Findings and Policy Recommendations from NSEPT Survey Executive Summary (2021)."},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18188-4","volume":"24","author":"B Terefe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terefe, B., Jembere, M. M., Chekole, B., Assimamaw, N. T. & Gebeyehu, D. A. Frequency of cigarette smoking and its associated factors among men in East Africa: A pooled prevalence analysis of national survey using multinomial regression. BMC Public Health 24(1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18188-4 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a3726","volume":"20","author":"M P\u00e9nzes","year":"2012","unstructured":"P\u00e9nzes, M., Czegl\u00e9di, E., Bal\u00e1zs, P. & Foley, K. L. Factors associated with tobacco smoking and the belief about weight control effect of smoking among hungarian adolescent. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 20(1), 11 (2012).","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"7920_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978","volume":"25","author":"SM Noar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noar, S. M. et al. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tob. Control. 25, 341\u2013354 (2016).","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2415-9","volume":"15","author":"V Sychareun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sychareun, V., Hansana, V., Phengsavanh, A., Chaleunvong, K. & Tomson, T. Perceptions and acceptability of pictorial health warning labels vs text only\u2014A cross-sectional study in Lao PDR. BMC Public Health 15(1), 1\u201310 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5872-0","volume":"18","author":"E Nketiah-Amponsah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nketiah-Amponsah, E., Afful-Mensah, G. & Ampaw, S. Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking intensity among adult males in Ghana. BMC Public Health 18(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5872-0 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"7920_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15454","volume":"116","author":"L Arancini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arancini, L. et al. Age as a predictor of quit attempts and quit success in smoking cessation\u2014findings from the ITC 4-country survey (2002\u20132014). Addiction 116(9), 2509 (2021).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"7920_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20180195","volume":"30","author":"K Tomioka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomioka, K., Kurumatani, N. & Saeki, K. The association between education and smoking prevalence, independent of occupation: A nationally representative survey in Japan. J. Epidemiol. 30(3), 136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20180195 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"7920_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","volume":"39","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zajacova, A. & Lawrence, E. M. The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach. Annu. Rev. Public Health 39, 273 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"7920_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100418","volume":"18","author":"C Garnett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garnett, C., Oldham, M., Shahab, L., Tattan-Birch, H. & Cox, S. Characterising smoking and smoking cessation attempts by risk of alcohol dependence: A representative, cross-sectional study of adults in England between 2014\u20132021. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 18, 100418 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"issue":"13","key":"7920_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7752","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137752","volume":"14","author":"C Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. The influence of alcohol consumption on tobacco use among urban older adults: Evidence from Western China in 2017. Sustainability 14(13), 7752 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"12","key":"7920_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02500.x","volume":"26","author":"SA Balogh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balogh, S. A., Owens, J. C., Butt, C. M., Wehner, J. M. & Collins, A. C. Animal models as a tool for studying mechanisms of co-abuse of alcohol and tobacco. Alcohol Clin. Exp. 26(12), 1911\u20131914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02500.x (2006).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp."},{"issue":"3","key":"7920_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14160","volume":"50","author":"C Morel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morel, C., Montgomery, S. & Han, M. H. Nicotine and alcohol: The role of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in drug reinforcement. Eur. J. Neurosci. 50(3), 2180 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2014.973624","volume":"14","author":"VJ Parajuli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parajuli, V. J., MacDonald, S. & Jimba, M. Social-contextual factors associated with alcohol use among adolescents of traditional alcohol user and nonuser ethnic groups of Nepal. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse 14(2), 151\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15332640.2014.973624 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09446-2","volume":"20","author":"SR Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma, S. R. et al. The role of tobacco and alcohol use in the interaction of social determinants of non-communicable diseases in Nepal: A systems perspective. BMC Public Health 20(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09446-2 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"29","key":"7920_CR50","first-page":"14","volume":"13","author":"B Bista","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bista, B. et al. Socio-demographic predictors of tobacco use among women of Nepal: Evidence from non communicable disease risk factors STEPS survey Nepal 2013. J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 13(29), 14\u201319 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"issue":"8","key":"7920_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134834","volume":"10","author":"KK Aryal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aryal, K. K. et al. The burden and determinants of non communicable diseases risk factors in Nepal: Findings from a nationwide STEPS survey. PLoS ONE 10(8), e0134834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0134834 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7920_CR52","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychocardiology","author":"D Byrne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byrne, D. & Mazanov, J. Smoking and cardiovascular risk: Role of stress in the genesis of smoking behavior. In Handbook of Psychocardiology 79\u201397 (Springer, 2016)."},{"issue":"112","key":"7920_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.031","volume":"1","author":"D Angrave","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angrave, D., Charlwood, A. & Wooden, M. Working time and cigarette smoking: Evidence from Australia and the United Kingdom. Soc. Sci. Med. 1(112), 72\u201379 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10479-4","volume":"21","author":"BT Gutema","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gutema, B. T. et al. Tobacco use and associated factors among adults reside in Arba Minch health and demographic surveillance site, southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 21(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10479-4 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7920_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-014-0022-0","volume":"12","author":"CT Sreeramareddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sreeramareddy, C. T., Pradhan, P. M. S., Mir, I. A. & Sin, S. Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: Prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys. Popul. Health Metr. 12(1), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12963-014-0022-0 (2014).","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"issue":"10","key":"7920_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13887","volume":"112","author":"E Beard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beard, E., West, R., Michie, S. & Brown, J. Association between smoking and alcohol-related behaviours: A time\u2013series analysis of population trends in England. Addiction 112(10), 1832 (2017).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"7920_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/09720634211011567","volume":"23","author":"H Shriprasad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shriprasad, H. & Kallihal, K. G. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption among college students: A behavioural study in Belagavi City, Karnataka. J. Health Manag. 23(2), 251\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09720634211011567 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Health Manag."},{"key":"7920_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41816","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41816","volume":"7","author":"H Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, H., Wang, F., Kranzler, H. R., Gelernter, J. & Zhang, H. Alcohol and nicotine codependence-associated DNA methylation changes in promoter regions of addiction-related genes. Sci. Rep. 7, 41816 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"7920_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122505","volume":"10","author":"DL Pennington","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pennington, D. L. et al. Alcohol use disorder with and without stimulant use: Brain morphometry and its associations with cigarette smoking, cognition, and inhibitory control. PLoS ONE 10(3), e0122505 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"October","key":"7920_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/112459","volume":"17","author":"P Tonnesen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tonnesen, P., Marott, J. L., Nordestgaard, B., Egil Bojesen, S. & Lange, P. Secular trends in smoking in relation to prevalent and incident smoking-related disease: A prospective population-based study. Tob. Induc. Dis. 17(October), 72 (2019).","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"7920_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012040","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012040","volume":"8","author":"Y Acharya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Acharya, Y. et al. Perceptions of key stakeholders on taxes on tobacco and alcohol products in Nepal. BMJ Glob. Health 8(Suppl 8), e012040 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07920-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07920-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07920-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1751799729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-07920-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07920-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6123786\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The dataset was obtained from the DHS Program after applying and getting approval for usage. All ethical guidelines that pertain to using secondary datasets in research publications have been strictly adhered to. Detailed information about how we used the DHS data and the ethical standards we followed is available at this link:\n                      \n                      .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"23038"}}