{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:21:45Z","timestamp":1790878905574,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning","award":["2022R1A5A2018865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A2018865"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2022R1I1A3072966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A3072966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08029-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T14:55:50Z","timestamp":1751468150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Midodrine and clinical outcomes in patients on maintenance hemodialysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junseok","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jeong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Young","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Hui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"8029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00542-7","volume":"18","author":"AK Bello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bello, A. K. et al. Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 18, 378\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-022-00542-7 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.01.024","volume":"58","author":"MA Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts, M. A., Polkinghorne, K. R., McDonald, S. P. & Ierino, F. L. Secular trends in cardiovascular mortality rates of patients receiving dialysis compared with the general population. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 58, 64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.01.024 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000019641.41496.1e","volume":"13","author":"JC Longenecker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Longenecker, J. C. et al. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in dialysis patients compared with the general population: the CHOICE Study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1918\u20131927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.asn.0000019641.41496.1e (2002).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.02680314","volume":"9","author":"BV Stef\u00e1nsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stef\u00e1nsson, B. V. et al. Intradialytic hypotension and risk of cardiovascular disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9, 2124\u20132132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.02680314 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.28090","volume":"38","author":"JT Daugirdas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daugirdas, J. T. Pathophysiology of dialysis hypotension: an update. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 38, S11-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ajkd.2001.28090 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa078","volume":"13","author":"M Kanbay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanbay, M. et al. An update review of intradialytic hypotension: concept, risk factors, clinical implications and management. Clin. Kidney J. 13, 981\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa078 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"8029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McTavish, D. & Goa, K. L. Midodrine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in orthostatic hypotension and secondary hypotensive disorders. Drugs 38, 757\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003495-198938050-00004 (1989).","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198938050-00004"},{"key":"8029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh420","volume":"19","author":"S Prakash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prakash, S., Garg, A. X., Heidenheim, A. P. & House, A. A. Midodrine appears to be safe and effective for dialysis-induced hypotension: a systematic review. Nephrol. Dial Transplant 19, 2553\u20132558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfh420 (2004).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial Transplant"},{"key":"8029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1172\/jci116050","volume":"90","author":"J Vincent","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vincent, J., Dachman, W., Blaschke, T. F. & Hoffman, B. B. Pharmacological tolerance to alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonism mediated by terazosin in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1763\u20131768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci116050 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"8029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000494806","volume":"48","author":"SM Brunelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brunelli, S. M., Cohen, D. E., Marlowe, G. & Van Wyck, D. The Impact of Midodrine on Outcomes in Patients with Intradialytic Hypotension. Am. J. Nephrol. 48, 381\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494806 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang, S. H., Kim, B. Y., Son, E. J., Kim, G. O. & Do, J. Y. Comparison of Patient Survival According to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Type of Treatment in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. J. Clin. Med. 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020625 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020625"},{"key":"8029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.V451205","volume":"4","author":"JT Daugirdas","year":"1993","unstructured":"Daugirdas, J. T. Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt\/V: an analysis of error. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 1205\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.V451205 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L. & MacKenzie, C. R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J. Chronic Dis. 40, 373\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang, S. H., Kim, B. Y., Son, E. J., Kim, G. O. & Do, J. Y. Influence of Different Types of \u03b2-Blockers on Mortality in Patients on Hemodialysis. Biomedicines 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11102838 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102838"},{"key":"8029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.044","volume":"73","author":"ME Farkouh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farkouh, M. E. et al. Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Outcomes of Myocardial Revascularization in Patients With Diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 73, 400\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.044 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"8029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circinterventions.120.010476","volume":"14","author":"K Kaikita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaikita, K. et al. Bleeding and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events and Death in Atrial Fibrillation With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From the AFIRE Trial. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 14, e010476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circinterventions.120.010476 (2021).","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"8029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01356-3","volume":"35","author":"HW Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, H. W. et al. Clinical significance of hemodialysis quality of care indicators in very elderly patients with end stage kidney disease. J. Nephrol. 35, 2351\u20132361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-022-01356-3 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39908-6","volume":"9","author":"E Kanda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanda, E., Tsuruta, Y., Kikuchi, K. & Masakane, I. Use of vasopressor for dialysis-related hypotension is a risk factor for death in hemodialysis patients: Nationwide cohort study. Sci. Rep. 9, 3362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-39908-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8029_CR19","unstructured":"Hossli, S. M. Clinical management of intradialytic hypotension: survey results. Nephrol Nurs J 32, 287\u2013291; quiz 292 (2005)."},{"key":"8029_CR20","first-page":"1317","volume":"304","author":"BM Kuehn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuehn, B. M. Midodrine action. JAMA 304, 1317\u20131317 (2010).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.01.032","volume":"101","author":"N Usui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Usui, N. et al. Association of cardiac autonomic neuropathy assessed by heart rate response during exercise with intradialytic hypotension and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 101, 1054\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2022.01.032 (2022).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"8029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2021.1871921","volume":"43","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines as potential predictors for intradialytic hypotension. Ren. Fail 43, 198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0886022x.2021.1871921 (2021).","journal-title":"Ren. Fail"},{"key":"8029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.012","volume":"77","author":"EY Seong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seong, E. Y. et al. Intradialytic Hypotension and Newly Recognized Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 77, 730\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.012 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(97)90081-0","volume":"30","author":"DN Cruz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cruz, D. N., Mahnensmith, R. L. & Perazella, M. A. Intradialytic hypotension: is midodrine beneficial in symptomatic hemodialysis patients?. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 30, 772\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-6386(97)90081-0 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR25","first-page":"101","volume":"50","author":"DN Cruz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cruz, D. N., Mahnensmith, R. L., Brickel, H. M. & Perazella, M. A. Midodrine is effective and safe therapy for intradialytic hypotension over 8 months of follow-up. Clin. Nephrol. 50, 101\u2013107 (1998).","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(99)70427-0","volume":"33","author":"DN Cruz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cruz, D. N., Mahnensmith, R. L., Brickel, H. M. & Perazella, M. A. Midodrine and cool dialysate are effective therapies for symptomatic intradialytic hypotension. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 33, 920\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-6386(99)70427-0 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.21292","volume":"37","author":"R Alappan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alappan, R., Cruz, D., Abu-Alfa, A. K., Mahnensmith, R. & Perazella, M. A. Treatment of Severe Intradialytic Hypotension With the Addition of High Dialysate Calcium Concentration to Midodrine and\/or Cool Dialysate. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 37, 294\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ajkd.2001.21292 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086514","volume":"9","author":"V Selvarajah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selvarajah, V., Pasea, L., Ojha, S., Wilkinson, I. B. & Tomlinson, L. A. Pre-dialysis systolic blood pressure-variability is independently associated with all-cause mortality in incident haemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE 9, e86514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0086514 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1172\/jci116037","volume":"90","author":"RL Converse Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Converse, R. L. Jr. et al. Paradoxical withdrawal of reflex vasoconstriction as a cause of hemodialysis-induced hypotension. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1657\u20131665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci116037 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"8029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp63276","volume":"63","author":"RW Nette","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nette, R. W. et al. Hypotension during hemodialysis results from an impairment of arteriolar tone and left ventricular function. Clin. Nephrol. 63, 276\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5414\/cnp63276 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12635","volume":"30","author":"T Shafi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shafi, T., Mullangi, S., Jaar, B. G. & Silber, H. Autonomic dysfunction as a mechanism of intradialytic blood pressure instability. Semin. Dial 30, 537\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12635 (2017).","journal-title":"Semin. Dial"},{"key":"8029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.064","volume":"73","author":"JJ Goldberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goldberger, J. J., Arora, R., Buckley, U. & Shivkumar, K. Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction: JACC Focus Seminar. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 73, 1189\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.064 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"8029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.08.030","volume":"69","author":"MM Wong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wong, M. M. et al. Interdialytic Weight Gain: Trends, Predictors, and Associated Outcomes in the International Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am. J. Kidney Dis. 69, 367\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.08.030 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"8029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs021","volume":"27","author":"F Tentori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tentori, F. et al. Longer dialysis session length is associated with better intermediate outcomes and survival among patients on in-center three times per week hemodialysis: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol. Dial Transplant 27, 4180\u20134188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfs021 (2012).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial Transplant"},{"key":"8029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2015040426","volume":"27","author":"GM Chertow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chertow, G. M. et al. Long-Term Effects of Frequent In-Center Hemodialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27, 1830\u20131836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2015040426 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.02010606","volume":"1","author":"NM Selby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Selby, N. M., Burton, J. O., Chesterton, L. J. & McIntyre, C. W. Dialysis-induced regional left ventricular dysfunction is ameliorated by cooling the dialysate. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 1216\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.02010606 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2013101086","volume":"26","author":"MT Eldehni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eldehni, M. T., Odudu, A. & McIntyre, C. W. Randomized clinical trial of dialysate cooling and effects on brain white matter. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26, 957\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2013101086 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"8029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2000.00388.x","volume":"58","author":"N Mazzuchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mazzuchi, N., Carbonell, E. & Fern\u00e1ndez-Cean, J. Importance of blood pressure control in hemodialysis patient survival. Kidney Int. 58, 2147\u20132154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2000.00388.x (2000).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"8029_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32281-w","volume":"8","author":"JH Jhee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jhee, J. H. et al. The optimal blood pressure target in different dialysis populations. Sci. Rep. 8, 14123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32281-w (2018).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08029-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08029-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08029-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T14:55:52Z","timestamp":1751468152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08029-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-08029-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the Yeungnam University Medical Center (approval no. YUMC 2023-12-012).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"Informed consent was not obtained from the patients since the records and information of the participants were anonymized and de-identified before the analysis. The IRB of the Yeungnam University Medical Center also waived the need for obtaining informed consent (approval no. YUMC 2023-12-012).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"23600"}}