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However, growing curricular complexity and abstraction present challenges to student satisfaction, a key metric in educational sustainability. This study investigates how perceived content complexity and modality structure affect student satisfaction in art-related programs, drawing on Construal Level Theory (CLT) to explain the psychological mechanisms involved. Based on aggregated data from 73,368 students across 1524 academic programs in China, the results indicate that higher content complexity significantly reduces satisfaction. Moreover, a lower auditory\u2013visual (A\/V) ratio\u2014indicating reduced emphasis on visual input\u2014also decreases satisfaction but moderates the negative effect of content complexity. The findings suggest that cognitive-perceptual mechanisms play a central role in shaping students\u2019 evaluative responses and offer implications for improving curriculum design and institutional strategies in art education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08242-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T16:29:21Z","timestamp":1751387361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How content complexity and sensory modality influence student satisfaction in art education"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"8242_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3846\/jbem.2021.14261","volume":"22","author":"Y-C Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-C. & Lin, S.-W. 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