{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:42:14Z","timestamp":1791830534700,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08587-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T03:41:38Z","timestamp":1751773298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mitigation of musculoskeletal disorders and postural stresses among tobacco cultivation workers in Andhra Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Achugatla Kesav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari Lal","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ramasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anilendu","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. S.","family":"Madhusudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mude Arjun","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachamalla","family":"Naveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awani Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8587_CR1","unstructured":"Tobacco Board India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Tobacco Board Annual Report. Guntur: Department of Commerce.  https:\/\/tobaccoboard.com\/tbdata\/publicationsfiles\/TOB_AR_2020-2021__E_.pdf (2020\u201321)."},{"key":"8587_CR2","unstructured":"Faostat. Statistical databases. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022)."},{"key":"8587_CR3","unstructured":"Rs 11.79 lakh cr Indian tobacco sector employs 4.5 cr people. The Economic Times. June 5;2. https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/industry\/cons-products\/tobacco\/rs-11-79-lakh-cr-indian-tobacco-sector-employs-4-5-cr people\/articleshow\/69663548.cms?from=mdr  (2019)."},{"issue":"14","key":"8587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230520022024","volume":"229","author":"SH Gehlbach","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gehlbach, S. H. et al. Green-tobacco sickness: an illness of tobacco harvesters. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 229 (14), 1880\u20131883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1974.03230520022024 (1974).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"8587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1979.10667379","volume":"34","author":"SH Gehlbach","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gehlbach, S. H., Williams, W. A. & Freeman, J. I. Protective clothing as a means of reducing nicotine absorption in tobacco harvesters. Arch. Environ. Health. 34 (2), 111\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00039896.1979.10667379 (1979).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"8587_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1987.9935807","volume":"42","author":"SK Ghosh","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ghosh, S. K. et al. Protection against green symptoms from tobacco in Indian harvesters: a preliminary intervention study. Arch. Environ. Health. 42 (2), 21\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00039896.1987.9935807 (1987).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"8587_CR7","unstructured":"Ghosh, S. K. et al. Studies on occupational health problems during agricultural operation of Indian tobacco workers: a preliminary survey report. J. Occup. Med. 21, 45\u2009\u20137.  http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45013118 (1979)."},{"issue":"1","key":"8587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2017.06.007","volume":"9","author":"SJ Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, S. J. et al. Green tobacco sickness among tobacco harvesters in a Korean village. Saf. Health Work. 9 (1), 71\u201374 (2018).","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"8587_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307","DOI":"10.18294\/sc.2020.2307","volume":"16","author":"AG Fassa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fassa, A. G. et al. Neck pain among tobacco farm workers in Southern Brazil. Salud Colect. 16, e2307 (2020).","journal-title":"Salud Colect"},{"issue":"11","key":"8587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116779","volume":"19","author":"A Kongtawelert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kongtawelert, A. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders among Thai burley tobacco farmers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19 (11), 6779 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"8587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1179\/2049396714Y.0000000094","volume":"21","author":"RD Meucci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meucci, R. D. et al. Chronic low back pain among tobacco farmers in Southern Brazil. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health. 21 (1), 66\u201373 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"8587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232012000600022","volume":"17","author":"DL Riquinho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riquinho, D. L., & Hennington, E. A. Health, environment and working conditions in tobacco cultivation: a review of the literature. Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Colet. 17 (6), 1587\u20131600 (2012).","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Colet"},{"key":"8587_CR13","first-page":"454","volume":"4","author":"V Kamate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamate, V. & Kumar, S. M. Ergonomic assessment of traditional weeding tools usage and their management in Indian agricultural practices. Int. J. Eng. Res. 4, 454\u2013458 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"8587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2017.1306960","volume":"24","author":"YK Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong, Y. K. et al. Comparisons of ergonomic evaluation tools (ALLA, RULA, REBA and OWAS) for farm work. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 24 (2), 218\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10803548.2017.1306960 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"8587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dianat, I. et al. Work posture, working conditions and musculoskeletal outcomes in agricultural workers. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 77, 102941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.102941 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.102941"},{"issue":"10","key":"8587_CR16","first-page":"1875","volume":"119","author":"B Dube","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dube, B. et al. Ergonomic evaluation of seeding, fertilizing and weeding postures in agricultural field. Int. J. Pure Appl. Math. 119 (10), 1875\u20131880 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"8587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jain, R., Meena, M. L. & Dangayach, G. S. Prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers involved in manual farm operations. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health.1\u20136. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10773525.2018.1547507","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2018.1547507"},{"key":"8587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cieza, A. et al. Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396(10267):2006\u201317.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"8587_CR19","first-page":"9","volume":"8","author":"KS Kalyani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalyani, K. S., Singh, K. D. & Naidu, S. K. Occupational health hazards of farm women in tobacco cultivation. Indian J. Ext. Educ. 8 (1), 9\u201312 (2016). http:\/\/krishi.icar.gov.in\/jspui\/handle\/123456789\/51084","journal-title":"Indian J. Ext. Educ."},{"key":"8587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7556.S4-005","volume":"4","author":"R Vyas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vyas, R. Ergonomic assessment of prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Indian agricultural workers. J. Ergon. 4, 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2165-7556.S4-005 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Ergon."},{"issue":"4","key":"8587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.48165\/IJEE.2022.58143","volume":"55","author":"P Ojha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ojha, P. & Singh, S. Physiological workload and postural discomfort among the farm women during vegetable transplanting. Indian J. Agric. Ext. Educ. 55 (4), 55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48165\/IJEE.2022.58143 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Ext. Educ."},{"key":"8587_CR22","unstructured":"Mehta, C. R. et al. Textbook of Ergonomics and Safety in Agriculture. http:\/\/krishi.icar.gov.in\/jspui\/handle\/123456789\/73331"},{"issue":"1","key":"8587_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.03.003","volume":"46","author":"A Kumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Farm hand tools injuries: A case study from Northern India. Saf. Sci. 46 (1), 54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.03.003 (2008).","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"8587_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.11.818","volume":"55","author":"TA Arcury","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arcury, T. A., Quandt, S. A. & Preisser, J. S. Predictors of incidence and prevalence of green tobacco sickness among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina, USA. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 55 (11), 818\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.55.11.818 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"8587_CR25","unstructured":"Gokani, V. N. et al. Occupational health problems of tobacco harvesters and their prevention. Ahmedabad: National Institute of Occupational Health. 1\u201360 (2004)."},{"issue":"3","key":"8587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(200003)37:3<307::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"37","author":"SA Quandt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Quandt, S. A. et al. Migrant farmworkers and green tobacco sickness: new issues for an understudied disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37 (3), 307\u2013315 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"8587_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240802612661","volume":"14","author":"L Satora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Satora, L. et al. Diplopia in green tobacco sickness. J. Agromedicine. 14 (1), 66\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10599240802612661 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Agromedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"8587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.140","volume":"45","author":"M Onuki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Onuki, M. et al. Assessment of urinary cotinine as a marker of nicotine absorption from tobacco leaves: a study on tobacco farmers in Malaysia. J. Occup. Health. 45 (3), 140\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.45.140 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"8587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20162","volume":"47","author":"JR Parikh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parikh, J. R. et al. Acute and chronic health effects due to green tobacco exposure in agricultural workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47 (6), 494\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.20162 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"8587_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20553","volume":"51","author":"TA Arcury","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arcury, T. A. et al. Green tobacco sickness and skin integrity among migrant Latino farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51 (3), 195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.20553 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"8587_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22307","volume":"57","author":"AG Fassa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fassa, A. G. et al. Green tobacco sickness among tobacco farmers in Southern Brazil. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57 (6), 726\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22307 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"8587_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90010-x","volume":"18","author":"I Kuorinka","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kuorinka, I. et al. Standardised nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl. Ergon. 18 (3), 233\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90010-x (1987).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"issue":"4","key":"8587_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-023-00186-5","volume":"15","author":"AK Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, A. K. et al. Assessments of occupational health hazards of tobacco farmworkers in Andhra pradesh, India. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 15 (4), 335\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13530-023-00186-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"8587_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(99)00039-3","volume":"31","author":"S Hignett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hignett, S. & McAtamney, L. Rapid entire body assessment (REBA). Appl. Ergon. 31 (2), 201\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-6870(99)00039-3 (2000).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"8587_CR35","unstructured":"Middlesworth, M. A. Step-by-step guide to the REBA assessment tool. Dipetik Mei 17 (2015)."},{"key":"8587_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Corlett, E. N. & Bishop, R. P. A technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics 19(2), 175\u2009\u2013\u200982.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140137608931530 (1976).","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137608931530"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08587-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08587-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08587-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T03:41:41Z","timestamp":1751773301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08587-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-08587-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study and verbal informed consent from participants to publish the information\/image(s) in an online open-access publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The Present study was conducted for their routine work. However, we were informed about the study, and verbal consent was taken before the observation. Moreover, no treatment\/interference was done in their routine work; only observations were recorded. However, the plan of research was approved by the Institute (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India) of the Student Advisory Committee. All the methods were performed safely, and standard work practices were strictly maintained and following the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}}],"article-number":"24092"}}