{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:56:05Z","timestamp":1787003765362,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]},{"name":"the Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["22SXQT0293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22SXQT0293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the median effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) of sufentanil combined with remimazolam for inhibiting the tracheal intubation response in patients undergoing general anesthesia and to evaluate the hemodynamic stability and adverse events associated with this drug combination. This prospective dose-finding study used Dixon\u2019s up-and-down sequential allocation method. A total of 36 patients undergoing general anesthesia surgery between April 2024 and June 2024 were enrolled. Patients were administered remimazolam for induction, followed by sufentanil at an initial dose of 0.4\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, with subsequent doses adjusted based on the presence or absence of an intubation response. The primary outcome was the ED50 of sufentanil combined with remimazolam, and the secondary outcomes included patient baseline characteristics, hemodynamic parameters, and adverse events. The ED50 and ED95 of sufentanil for inhibiting tracheal intubation response were 0.374\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg (95% CI: 0.342\u20130.402\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg) and 0.436\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg (95% CI: 0.406\u20130.586\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg), respectively. Patients with a positive tracheal intubation response had significantly higher heart rates and mean arterial pressures and a higher incidence of hypertension. The ED50 and ED95 of sufentanil combined with remimazolam for inhibiting the tracheal intubation response in patients undergoing general anesthesia were 0.374 and 0.436\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into the dosing of these drugs for effective anesthesia induction and hemodynamic control during tracheal intubation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08907-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T13:38:15Z","timestamp":1751463495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Determination of the median effective dose of sufentanil combined with remimazolam in inhibiting tracheal intubation response"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianchun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"8907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110287","volume":"72","author":"A De Cassai","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Cassai, A. et al. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation: A meta-analysis with meta-regression and trial sequential analysis. J. Clin. Anesth. 72, 110287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110287 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"8907_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S415872","volume":"17","author":"D Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia, D., Yuan, X., He, C. & Tu, F. Intravenous Lidocaine decreased the median effective concentration of sufentanil for tracheal intubation in obese patients. Drug. Des. Devel. Ther. 17, 2431\u20132439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S415872 (2023).","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"8907_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02855-5","volume":"24","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. The median effective dose of Ciprofol combined with sufentanil in suppressing the laryngeal mask airway insertion response in both young and older adult patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 24, 464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12871-024-02855-5 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"8907_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S449200","volume":"18","author":"M Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. The effects of different doses of sufentanil on intraoperative cardiovascular response and postoperative recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort study. Drug. Des. Devel. Ther. 18, 535\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S449200 (2024).","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"8907_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111215","volume":"90","author":"ML Feenstra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feenstra, M. L. et al. Opioid-free anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Anesth. 90, 111215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111215 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"8907_CR6","first-page":"96","volume":"147","author":"M Adamus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adamus, M., Koutn\u00e1, J., Gabrhel\u00edk, T. & Zapletalov\u00e1, J. [Tracheal intubation without muscle relaxant\u2013the impact of different sufentanil doses on the quality of intubating conditions: A prospective study]. Casopis Lekaru Ceskych. 147, 96\u2013101 (2008).","journal-title":"Casopis Lekaru Ceskych"},{"key":"8907_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01544-8","volume":"81","author":"A Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, A., Shirley, M. & Remimazolam A review in procedural sedation. 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Pharmacokinet."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08907-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08907-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08907-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1751463496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-08907-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-08907-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanchong Central Hospital (2023, trial (061) No.). Each patient signed an informed consent procedure before surgery. We confirm our study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"23635"}}