{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:51:50Z","timestamp":1793119910044,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nagasaki University \u201cDoctoral Program for World-Leading, Innovative and Smart Education\u201d for Global Health, \u201cGlobal Health Elite Programme for Building a Healthier World\u201d (WISE) Programme"},{"name":"LSHTM COVID-19 Extension Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019778","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09016-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T12:12:55Z","timestamp":1753791175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Novel insecticide resistance mutations associated with variable PBO synergy in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bethanie","family":"Pelloquin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiacre","family":"Agossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Acford-Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila B.","family":"Ogoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcisse","family":"Basosila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Watsenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emery","family":"Metelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Oxborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibayiri Osee","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand","family":"Ntoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Minakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile Zola","family":"Manzambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mukomena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Campino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa A.","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9016_CR1","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. World Malaria Report 2023 (World Health Organization, 2023)."},{"key":"9016_CR2","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. World Malaria Report 2024 (World Health Organization, 2024)."},{"key":"9016_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt, S. et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526, 207\u2013211 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9016_CR4","unstructured":"https:\/\/allianceformalariaprevention.com\/itn-dashboards\/net-mapping-project\/. Tracking the number and location of LLINs in malaria-endemic countries."},{"key":"9016_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e804","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00172-4","volume":"8","author":"RM Oxborough","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oxborough, R. M., Chilito, K. C. F., Tokponnon, F. & Messenger, L. A. Malaria vector control in sub-Saharan africa: complex trade-offs to combat the growing threat of insecticide resistance. Lancet Planet. Health. 8, e804\u2013e812 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"9016_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07795-4","volume":"22","author":"LMJABG Mugenzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mugenzi, L. M. J. et al. Escalating pyrethroid resistance in two major malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Atatam, Southern Ghana. BMC Infect. Dis. 22, 799 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"9016_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22042","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006781117","volume":"117","author":"CL Moyes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moyes, C. L. et al. Evaluating insecticide resistance across African districts to aid malaria control decisions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 22042\u201322050 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"9016_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.11.010","volume":"32","author":"H Ranson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ranson, H. & Lissenden, N. Insecticide resistance in African Anopheles mosquitoes: A worsening situation that needs urgent action to maintain malaria control. Trends Parasitol. 32, 187\u2013196 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"9016_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2489-6","volume":"10","author":"S Omondi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Omondi, S. et al. Quantifying the intensity of permethrin insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes in Western Kenya. Parasit. Vectors. 10, 548 (2017).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"9016_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04100-7","volume":"13","author":"A Sovi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sovi, A. et al. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) exhibit high intensity pyrethroid resistance throughout Southern and Central Mali (2016\u20132018): PBO or next generation LLINs may provide greater control. Parasit. Vectors. 13, 239 (2020).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"9016_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3556-y","volume":"12","author":"R Pwalia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pwalia, R. et al. High insecticide resistance intensity of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and low efficacy of pyrethroid LLINs in Accra, Ghana. Parasit. Vectors. 12, 299 (2019).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"9016_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e673","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00137-7","volume":"7","author":"LAMN Messenger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messenger, L. A. et al. Effects of next-generation, dual-active-ingredient, long-lasting insecticidal net deployment on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Tanzania: an analysis of a 3-year, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Planet. Health. 7, e673\u2013e83 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"9016_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e894","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00232-8","volume":"8","author":"A Sovi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sovi, A. et al. The impact of next-generation dual-active ingredient long-lasting insecticidal net deployment on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: results of a three-year cluster-randomised controlled trial in Benin. Lancet Planet. Health. 8, e894\u2013e905 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"9016_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070729","volume":"11","author":"SS Nundu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nundu, S. S. et al. It is time to strengthen the malaria control policy of the Democratic Republic of Congo and include schools and school-age children in malaria control measures. Pathogens 11, 729 (2022).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"9016_CR15","unstructured":"The PMI Evolve Project. The Democratic Republic of Congo Annual Entomology Report, January \u2013 December 2023. Rockville, MD, (2023)."},{"key":"9016_CR16","unstructured":"Program, N. M. C. Strategic Plan 2024\u20132028 (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2023)."},{"key":"9016_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41952-2","volume":"13","author":"D Nguiffo-Nguete","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguiffo-Nguete, D. et al. Evidence of intensification of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vectors in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci. Rep. 13, 14711 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9016_CR18","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Global report on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: 2010\u20132016 Global Malaria Programme (World Health Organization, 2018)."},{"key":"9016_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.04.016","volume":"40","author":"PA Hancock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hancock, P. A., Ochomo, E. & Messenger, L. A. Genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance in African Anopheles populations to inform malaria vector control. Trends Parasitol. 40, 604\u2013618 (2024).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"9016_CR20","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Manual for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and selecting appropriate interventions (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"9016_CR21","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. World Malaria Report 2022 (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"9016_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-62","volume":"9","author":"MN Bayoh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bayoh, M. N. et al. Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in Western Nyanza province, Kenya. Malar. J. 9, 62 (2010).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17822-8","volume":"12","author":"M Campos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campos, M. et al. High-throughput barcoding method for the genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance and species identification in Anopheles gambiae complex malaria vectors. Sci. Rep. 12, 13893 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9016_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03240-6","volume":"19","author":"FT Wat\u2019senga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wat\u2019senga, F. T. et al. Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar. J. 19, 169 (2020).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u2019do, S. et al. Insecticide resistance profiles in malaria vector populations from Sud-Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 115, trab116 (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab116"},{"key":"9016_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49892-6","volume":"9","author":"ER Lucas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucas, E. R. et al. A high throughput multi-locus insecticide resistance marker panel for tracking resistance emergence and spread in Anopheles gambiae. Sci. Rep. 9, 13335 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9016_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2285-6","volume":"17","author":"FT Wat\u2019senga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wat\u2019senga, F. T. et al. Nationwide insecticide resistance status and biting behaviour of malaria vector species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar. J. 17, 129 (2018).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.79.18635","volume":"37","author":"EM Matubi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matubi, E. M. et al. Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l and identification of some resistance mechanisms in Kwilu Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Afr. Med. J. 37, 1\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"9016_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2561-5","volume":"17","author":"A Lynd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynd, A. et al. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from the Northern Democratic Republic of Congo, with extreme knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation frequencies revealed by a new diagnostic assay. Malar. J. 17, 412 (2018).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-04002-8","volume":"20","author":"J Bandibabone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bandibabone, J. et al. Investigating molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar. J. 20, 464 (2021).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16591","volume":"31","author":"H Njoroge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Njoroge, H. et al. Identification of a rapidly-spreading triple mutant for high-level metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae provides a real-time molecular diagnostic for anti-malarial intervention deployment. Mol. Ecol. 31, 4307\u20134318 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"9016_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2099-y","volume":"16","author":"L Nardini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nardini, L. et al. Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus. Malar. J. 16, 448 (2017).","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"9016_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00209.x","volume":"9","author":"H Ranson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ranson, H. et al. Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Insect Mol. Biol. 9, 491\u2013497 (2000).","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"9016_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2005.00544.x","volume":"14","author":"W Du","year":"2005","unstructured":"Du, W. et al. Independent mutations in the Rdl locus confer dieldrin resistance to Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis. Insect Mol. Biol. 14, 179\u2013183 (2005).","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"9016_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D996","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1007","volume":"50","author":"D Yates Andrew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yates, A. D. et al. Ensembl genomes 2022: an expanding genome resource for non-vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, D996\u2013D1003 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"9016_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092662","volume":"9","author":"SN Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell, S. N. et al. Metabolic and Target-Site mechanisms combine to confer strong DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One. 9, e92662 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9016_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-2-r27","volume":"15","author":"JM Riveron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Riveron, J. M. et al. A single mutation in the GSTe2 gene allows tracking of metabolically based insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector. Genome Biol. 15, R27\u2013R (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"9016_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss, S. et al. Genomic surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijag\u00f3s Archipelago using custom targeted amplicon sequencing identifies mutations associated with insecticide resistance. Parasit. Vectors. 17, 10 (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06085-5"},{"key":"9016_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hancock, P. A. et al. Modelling spatiotemporal trends in the frequency of genetic mutations conferring insecticide target-site resistance in African mosquito malaria vector species. BMC Biol. 20, 46 (2022).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01242-1"},{"key":"9016_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiwald, A. et al. Association of reduced long-lasting insecticidal net efficacy and pyrethroid insecticide resistance with over-expression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3 and CYP6Z1 in populations of Anopheles coluzzii from South-East C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. J. Infect. Dis. 225, 1424\u20131434 (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa699"},{"key":"9016_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45261-5","volume":"9","author":"E Collins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collins, E. et al. The relationship between insecticide resistance, mosquito age and malaria prevalence in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Guinea. Sci. Rep. 9, 8846 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9016_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabula, B. et al. A significant association between deltamethrin resistance, plasmodium falciparum infection and the Vgsc-1014S resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae highlights the epidemiological importance of resistance markers. Malar J. 15, 289 (2016)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1331-5"},{"key":"9016_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12248","volume":"19","author":"B Kabula","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kabula, B. et al. Co-occurrence and distribution of East (L1014S) and West (L1014F) African knock-down resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato population of Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 19, 331\u2013341 (2014).","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"9016_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, C. M. et al. Footprints of positive selection associated with a mutation (N1575Y) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Anopheles gambiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 109, 6614\u20136619 (2012).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201475109"},{"key":"9016_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104852","volume":"92","author":"J Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin, J. et al. First report of N1575Y mutation in Anopheles gambiae in Sierra Leone. Infect. Genet. Evol. 92, 104852 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"9016_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241023","volume":"16","author":"M Hamid-Adiamoh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamid-Adiamoh, M. et al. Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia. PLoS One. 16, e0241023 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9016_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.03.012","volume":"41","author":"CS Wondji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wondji, C. S. et al. Identification and distribution of a GABA receptor mutation conferring dieldrin resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus in Africa. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41, 484\u2013491 (2011).","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"9016_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portwood, N. M. et al. Multi-centre discriminating concentration determination of broflanilide and potential for cross-resistance to other public health insecticides in Anopheles vector populations. Sci. Rep. 12, 22359 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26990-6"},{"key":"9016_CR49","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for malaria (World Health Organization, 2023)."},{"key":"9016_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8092","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158092","volume":"25","author":"SS Ibrahim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S. S. et al. Functional validation of endogenous redox partner cytochrome P450 reductase reveals the key P450s CYP6P9a\/-b as broad substrate metabolizers conferring cross-resistance to different insecticide classes in Anopheles funestus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 8092 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"9016_CR51","unstructured":"Nagi, S. C. et al. Targeted genomic surveillance of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors. BioRxiv. 16, 2025.02.14.637727 (2025). 2025.02.14.637727."},{"key":"9016_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002898","volume":"22","author":"ER Lucas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lucas, E. R. et al. Copy number variants underlie major selective sweeps in insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles arabiensis. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002898 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"9016_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, T. P. W. et al. Cryptic population structure and insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from the Southern Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci. Rep. 14, 21782. (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70885-7"},{"key":"9016_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40693-0","volume":"14","author":"ERNS Lucas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lucas, E. R. N. S. et al. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Nat. Commun. 14, 4946 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9016_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msae140","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae140","volume":"41","author":"SC Nagi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nagi, S. C. et al. Parallel evolution in mosquito vectors - a duplicated esterase locus is associated with resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in Anopheles gambiae. Mol. Biol. Evol. 41, msae140 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"9016_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.245795.118","volume":"29","author":"ER Lucas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucas, E. R. et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals high complexity of copy number variation at insecticide resistance loci in malaria mosquitoes. Genome Res. 29, 1250\u20131261 (2019).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"9016_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009253","volume":"17","author":"X Grau-Bove","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grau-Bove, X. et al. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl in West African Anopheles is spreading via duplication and introgression of the Ace1 locus. PLoS Genet. 17, e1009253 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"9016_CR58","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Standard operating procedure for testing insecticide susceptibility of adult mosquitoes in WHO tube tests. (World Health Organization, 2022)."},{"key":"9016_CR59","unstructured":"QIAGEN (EN). DNeasy Blood & Tissue Handbook (QIAGEN) (2020)."},{"key":"9016_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114\u20132120 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"9016_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. ; 17:3. (2011) 2011.","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"9016_CR62","unstructured":"Andrews, S. FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data [Online]. 0.11.9 ed. Available online at: (2010). http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"9016_CR63","unstructured":"Gene [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2004 \u2013 [cited 2023 10 01. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/"},{"key":"9016_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp698","volume":"26","author":"H Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 26, 589\u2013595 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"9016_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs012","volume":"14","author":"I Milne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milne, I. et al. Using tablet for visual exploration of second-generation sequencing data. Brief. Bioinform. 14, 193\u2013202 (2013).","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform"},{"key":"9016_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","volume":"10","author":"P Danecek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of samtools and BCFtools. GigaScience 10, giab008 (2021).","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"9016_CR67","unstructured":"Erik Garrison, Marth, G. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. arXiv preprint arXiv:12073907 [q-bioGN]. (2012)."},{"key":"9016_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330","volume":"27","author":"P Danecek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danecek, P. et al. The variant call format and vcftools. Bioinformatics 27, 2156\u20132158 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"9016_CR69","unstructured":"Gillies, M. T. & Coetzee, M. A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). S. Afr. Inst. Med. Res. 55, 1\u2013143 (1987)."},{"key":"9016_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moeckel, C. et al. A survey of k-mer methods and applications in bioinformatics. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 23, 2289\u20132303 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.05.025"},{"key":"9016_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","volume":"6","author":"P Cingolani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cingolani, P. et al. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms,\u00a0SnpEff.\u00a0Fly (Austin). 6, 80\u201392 (2012).","journal-title":"SnpEff Fly."},{"key":"9016_CR72","unstructured":"Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021)."},{"key":"9016_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D444","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1082","volume":"53","author":"M Blum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blum, M. et al. InterPro: the protein sequence classification resource in 2025. Nucleic Acid Res. 53, D444\u2013D56 (2025).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-09016-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-09016-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-09016-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T09:43:33Z","timestamp":1757324613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-09016-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-09016-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The work described in this manuscript was determined to be non-human subjects\u2019 research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Center for Global Health (CDC 2016\u2009\u2212\u2009242, 2016-082). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health (University of Kinshasa), and the nationwide testing work was conducted within the remit of the Institut National de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The findings and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), or U.S. President\u2019s Malaria Initiative (PMI).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"27618"}}