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However, catheters are associated with urethral trauma and urinary tract infections. Peripheral nerve stimulation at frequencies of 500\u2009\u2212\u200910,000\u00a0Hz is associated with reduction of muscle contraction without causing fatigue. We hypothesized that high frequency sacral nerve stimulation would be associated with reduced pelvic muscle activity without reduced bladder pressures. We implanted five healthy cats with pulse generators connected to nerve cuff electrodes on sacral nerves S1 and S2. We applied stimulation at frequencies of 20\u00a0Hz, 500\u00a0Hz, or 10\u00a0kHz. We measured bladder pressure using our custom-designed wireless, catheter-free bladder sensor, and measured pelvic floor electromyogram (EMG) as a proxy for urethral sphincter activity. Stimulation at 10\u00a0kHz was associated with a lack of increase in peak-to-peak pelvic floor EMG amplitude compared to stimulation at 20 and 500\u00a0Hz, which suggested blockade of the nerves that control the pelvic floor muscles. All three stimulation frequencies yielded bladder contractions. High frequency sacral nerve stimulation may reduce pelvic floor activity without decreasing bladder pressure. This approach may enable catheter-free bladder emptying for individuals with neurologically driven urethral sphincter overactivity. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10047-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T08:47:37Z","timestamp":1752137257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of high frequency sacral nerve stimulation on lower urinary tract function in awake, healthy animals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Hanzlicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Cabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaneev","family":"Hacohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Gunzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J. A.","family":"Majerus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot S.","family":"Damaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Bourbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10047_CR1","unstructured":"Stoffel, J. T. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a review of physiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Transl Androl. Urol. 5 (1), 127\u2013135 (Feb. 2016)."},{"key":"10047_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, F. Towards a catheter free status in neurogenic bladder dysfunction: a review of bladder management options in spinal cord injury (SCI), Spinal Cord, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 355\u2013361, Jul. 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Urol. Focus, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 765\u2013772, (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2023.03.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.03.008"},{"key":"10047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Groen, J., Blok, B. F. M. & Bosch, J. L. H. R. Sacral neuromodulation as treatment for refractory idiopathic urge urinary incontinence: 5-year results of a longitudinal study in 60 women, J. Urol., vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 954\u2013959, Sep. (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2011.04.059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.04.059"},{"key":"10047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brindley, G. S. An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 358\u2013369, Apr. 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Neuromodulation Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10047-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10047-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10047-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T02:38:27Z","timestamp":1757212707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10047-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-10047-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Drs. Damaser, and Majerus are inventors of the wireless bladder sensor technology (UroMOCA) that was used in these experiments (patent US10143391B2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24673"}}