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Thus, this review aimed to derive a normative value for CVI and understand its relationship with various normal ocular\/image-based factors. Studies were screened for eligibility, defined as eyes with normal ocular parameters (refractive error (RxE)\u2009&lt;\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u00a0DS, intraocular pressure (IOP\u2009&lt;\u200921\u00a0mmHg) and no posterior segment disease and 98 studies were included. Pooled weighted average of subfoveal CVI extracted from healthy eyes (n\u2009=\u20095332 eyes) was 66.50% [CI 65.67\u201367.32]. Secondary stratifications (time of scan, device wavelength, imaging mode, region of interest, systemic factors) and meta regression (age, RxE and IOP) were insignificant on CVI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.579\u20130.872), however Best corrected visual acuity showed positive correlation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037). Unaltered, narrow confidence interval in sensitivity analysis, complemented by non-significant publication bias indicated robustness of the synthesised data. These results provide the highest-level evidence in hierarchy of the first normative subfoveal CVI value synthesised from literature and that it is not influenced by most person, eye and imaging factors in healthy eyes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10384-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:47:08Z","timestamp":1753868828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Choroidal vascularity index is independent of ocular and image-based factors in healthy eyes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sieu K.","family":"Khuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele C.","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Rojas-Carabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Nivison-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.35","volume":"4","author":"WS Foulds","year":"1990","unstructured":"Foulds, W. 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