{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:22:22Z","timestamp":1791462142883,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10469-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T17:27:15Z","timestamp":1752254835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["3E analysis of sCO2 recuperator cycle with multi effect desalination and organic Rankine cycle to enhance environmental sustainability"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadat","family":"Zirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10469_CR1","unstructured":"Feher, E. G. System analysis and design concept of a 150\u00a0kW supercritical thermodynamic cycle power conversion module. Concept. Des. Rep. AD 847\u2013135. (1969)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10469_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3616657","volume":"29","author":"G Angelino","year":"1967","unstructured":"Angelino, G. Perspectives for the liquid phase compression gas turbine. J. Eng. Power Trans. ASME. 29 (2), 229\u2013230 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Power Trans. ASME"},{"key":"10469_CR3","unstructured":"Angelino, G. Carbon dioxide condensation cycles for power production, ASME, paper No 02-GT-23. (1968)."},{"issue":"9","key":"10469_CR4","first-page":"225","volume":"23","author":"J Chermanne","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chermanne, J. Kernkraftanlange Mit Niederdruck CO2 gasturbinenprozesse. Brenstoff Warme Kraft. 23 (9), 225\u2013212 (1971).","journal-title":"Brenstoff Warme Kraft"},{"key":"10469_CR5","unstructured":"Combs, O. V. An investigation of the supercritical CO2 Cycle (Feher Cycle) for Shipboard Application, MSc. Thesis, MIT. (1977)."},{"key":"10469_CR6","unstructured":"Petr, V. & Kolovratnik, M. A study on application of a closed-cycle CO2 gas turbine in power engineering (in Czech), Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Fluid Dynamics and Power Engineering, Division of Power Engineering, report Z-523390. (1997)."},{"key":"10469_CR7","unstructured":"Dostal, V., Todreas, N. E., Hejzlar, P. & Kazimi, M. S. Power conversion cycle selection for the LBE-Cooled reactor (2001). with Forced Circulation, MIT-ANP-TR-225."},{"key":"10469_CR8","unstructured":"Dostal, V., Driscoll, M. J. & Hejzlar, P. A supercritical Carbon Dioxide cycle for next-generation nuclear reactors, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2004)."},{"key":"10469_CR9","first-page":"205","volume":"152","author":"V Dostal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dostal, V., Driscoll, M. J. & Hejzlar, P. A supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle comparison to other power cycles. Nucl. Technol. 152, 205\u2013222 (2006).","journal-title":"Nucl. Technol."},{"key":"10469_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X. R., Yamaguchi, H., Fujima, K., Enomoto, M. & Sawada, N. Theoretical analysis of a thermodynamic cycle for power and heat production using supercritical carbon dioxide, energy, 32, 591\u2013599. (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.07.016"},{"key":"10469_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2007.11.078","volume":"52","author":"S Ishiyama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishiyama, S. et al. Study of steam, helium and supercritical CO2 turbine power generations in prototype fusion power reactor. Prog. Nucl. Energy. 52, 325\u2013332 (2008).","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10469_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2009.03.017","volume":"239","author":"A Moisseytsev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moisseytsev, A. & Sienicki, J. Investigation of alternative layouts for supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for a sodium-cooled fast reactor. Nucl. Eng. Des. 239, 1302\u20131301 (2009).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"key":"10469_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.04.015","volume":"52","author":"J Sarkar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarkar, J. & Bhattacharyya, S. Optimization of recompression S-CO2 power cycle with reheating. Energy. Conv. Manag. 52, 1939\u20131925 (2009).","journal-title":"Energy. Conv. Manag."},{"key":"10469_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yari, M. & Sirousazar, M. A novel recompression S-CO2 Brayton cycle with precooler exergy utilization, DOI: 1251223329500529JPE1221. (2010).","DOI":"10.1243\/09576509JPE1021"},{"key":"10469_CR15","unstructured":"Jiangfeng, W., Zhixin, S., Yiping, D. & Shaolin, M. Parametric optimization design for supercritical CO2 power cycle using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network, Appl. Energy  20 1310\u20131322. (2010)."},{"key":"10469_CR16","first-page":"32","volume":"03","author":"B Halimi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halimi, B., Kune, Y. & Suh Computational analysis of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle power conversion system for fusion reactor. Energy. Conv. Manag. 03, 32\u201323 (2012).","journal-title":"Energy. Conv. Manag."},{"key":"10469_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2012.05.011","volume":"252","author":"GD Pichel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pichel, G. D., Linares, J. I., Herranz, L. E. & Moratalla, B. Y. Thermal analysis of supercritical CO2 power cycles: assessment of their suitability to the forthcoming sodium fast reactors. Nucl. Eng. Des. 252, 23\u201332 (2012).","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"key":"10469_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y. M. et al. and, Supercritical CO2 Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery from gas turbine, Energy  1\u2013 13. (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.10.106"},{"key":"10469_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhinesh et al. Thermal performance and economic analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide cycles in combined cycle power plant. Appl. Energy,  255 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113836"},{"key":"10469_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eduardo Ruiz-Casanova et al. Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycles for use with low-grade geothermal heat sources. Energy. Conv. Manag., 216. (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112978"},{"key":"10469_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohtaram, S. et al. Multi-objective evolutionary optimization and 4E analysis of a bulky combined cycle power plant by CO. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 128 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109898 (August 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109898"},{"key":"10469_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahamad, T. et al. December., 4-E analysis and multiple objective optimizations of a novel solar-powered cogeneration energy system for the simultaneous production of electrical power and heating,Sci. Rep. 14 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49344-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49344-2"},{"key":"10469_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akram, W. et al. First and second law analyses of an organic rankine cycle to recover the waste heat from the solar-pperated combined cycle power plants with grid, Conference paper, ICNOC 2022, 08 September 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-4685-3_53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-4685-3_53"},{"key":"10469_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohtaram, S. et al. An innovative approach for utilizing waste heat of a triple-pressure cogeneration combined cycle power plant by employing TRR method and thermodynamic analysis. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 49 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csite.2023.103198 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2023.103198"},{"key":"10469_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bani-Hani, E. et al. ,Energy and exergy analyses of a regenerative Brayton cycle utilizing Monochlorobiphenyl wastes as an alternative fuel, energy, 278, (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127861"},{"key":"10469_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohtaram, S. et al. Enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability in ejector expansion transcritical CO2 and lithium bromide water vapour absorption refrigeration systems. Therm. Sci. Eng. Progress July. 43 (9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsep.2023.101983 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2023.101983"},{"key":"10469_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aryanfar, Y. et al. Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a trans-critical CO2 cycle powered by a single flash geothermal cycle in with\/without economizer working modes. Therm. Sci. 28 (2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/TSCI230503200A (2024).","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI230503200A"},{"key":"10469_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamagna, M. et al. ,Assessment and Optimization of a Single Flash Geothermal System Recovered by a trans-critical CO2 Cycle Using Different Scenarios43 (Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy,2024). 410.1002\/ep.14371","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4351022"},{"key":"10469_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omar, A. et al. and November, Techno-economic optimization of coupling a cascaded MED system to a CSP-sCO2 power plant, Energy Conversion and Management,  247 1, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114725"},{"key":"10469_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, J. & Wang, Y. and et al, Combined supercritical CO2 (SCO2) cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for hybrid solar and geothermal power generation: thermoeconomic assessment of various configurations, renewable energy, 174, August 2021, Pages 1020\u20131035, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2021.04.124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.04.124"},{"key":"10469_CR31","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M. Saadat Zirak. Optimizing the efficiency of the supercritical carbon dioxide power generation cycle with energy analysis. The 7th annual conference of knowledge and technology of electrical, computer, and mechanical engineering of Iran. (2022)."},{"key":"10469_CR32","unstructured":"Galledari, A. & Ahmadi, M. Thermal design of tube shell recuperator of a supercritical carbon dioxide cycle. The 31st annual international conference of the Iranian Mechanical Engineers Association and the 9th Iranian Power Plant Industry Conference. (2023)."},{"key":"10469_CR33","unstructured":"Moradi, H. & Ahmadi, M. Feasibility of using thermal desalination water in supercritical carbon dioxide power generation cycle to increase efficiency. The 8th International Conference on Knowledge and Technology of Mechanical, Electrical and Computer Engineering of Iran. (2023)."},{"key":"10469_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manuel Tovar, J. & Valencia Ochoa, G. Thermodynamic and environmental comparative analysis of a dual loop ORC and Kalina as bottoming cycle of a solar Brayton sCO2. Int. J. Thermofluids. 24 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijft.2024.100895 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijft.2024.100895"},{"issue":"5","key":"10469_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3390\/en17051129","volume":"17","author":"M Moli\u00e8re","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moli\u00e8re, M. Supercritical CO2 power technology: strengths but challenges. Energies 17 (5), 1129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17051129 (2024).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10469_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Kumar Saxena, V., Kumar, R. & Kumar, S. February, Energy, exergy, sustainability and environmental emission analysis of coal-fired thermal power plant. Ain Shams Eng. J., 15, Issue 2, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2023.102416"},{"key":"10469_CR37","unstructured":"Persichilli, M., Kacludis, A., Zdankiewicz, E. & Timothy Held Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Developments and Commercialization: Why S-CO2 can Displace Steam (Presented at Power-Gen India & Central Asia, Echogen Power Systems LLC, 2012)."},{"key":"10469_CR38","unstructured":"Yunus, A., Cengel, M. A. & Boles Thermodynamics; an engineering approach, eight editions."},{"issue":"4","key":"10469_CR39","first-page":"288e301","volume":"95","author":"GR Ahmadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmadi, G. R. & Toghraie, D. Parallel feed water heating repowering of a 200\u00a0MW steam power plant. J. Power Technol. 95 (4), 288e301 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Power Technol."},{"key":"10469_CR40","unstructured":"Cohen, H., Rogers, G. F. C. & Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H. (1996). Gas Turbine Theory, Longman Pub Group; Subsequent edition"},{"issue":"Issue 3","key":"10469_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/e3030116","volume":"3","author":"I Dincer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dincer, I. & Cengel, Y. Energy, entropy and exergy concepts and their roles in thermal engineering. Entropy J. 3 (3), 116\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e3030116 (2001).","journal-title":"Entropy J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10469-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10469-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10469-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1757224407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10469-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-10469-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25124"}}