{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:23:29Z","timestamp":1782167009474,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wax-up practice is an integral part of dental education, teaching students the morphology of teeth and correct handling of waxing tools. Currently wax-ups need to be presented and evaluated by a dentist involved in dental education. The aim of this study was the development of a smartphone application utilizing augmented reality to improve self-evaluation and learning effects of beginners doing wax-up practice. The application was developed for devices running the iOS operating-system using the Swift language. The Swift-libraries UIKit, ArKit and SceneKit were used. The application was test-run on an iPhone 14 Pro, using an iOS developer account. An integral component of the application is the use of 3D-printed wax-up templates, which were manufactured with FDM printers. The resulting smartphone application enables dental students and teaching dentists to inspect the wax-up template using the device\u2019s camera to view the optimal wax-up overlaying the template. Different cusps can be displayed, hidden or altered in their transparency to further improve feedback on the students\u2019 practice. The aim of creating a supportive application for wax-up practice as a proof of concept was fulfilled and even exceeded the initial expectations regarding the accuracy and consistency of object tracking in the augmented reality. The acceptance amongst students and teaching staff, as well as a comparison against traditional methods of teaching wax-up remain to be evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10474-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T12:35:59Z","timestamp":1753792559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using augmented reality to enhance wax up training in dental education a feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schrenker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"del Hougne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schmitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"H\u00f6hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.31681\/jetol.615499","volume":"2","author":"\u0130 S\u00fcnger","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00fcnger, \u0130. & \u00c7ankaya, S. Augmented reality: Historical development and area of usage. J. Educ. Technol. Online Learn. 2 (3), 118\u2013133 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Educational Technol. Online Learn."},{"key":"10474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zitzmann, N. U., Matthisson, L., Ohla, H. & Joda, T. Digital undergraduate education in dentistry: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 17(9). (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093269"},{"issue":"7","key":"10474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12138","volume":"84","author":"HM Nassar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nassar, H. M. & Tekian, A. Computer simulation and virtual reality in undergraduate operative and restorative dental education: A critical review. J. Dent. Educ. 84 (7), 812\u2013829 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10474_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03543-z","volume":"22","author":"MS Mansoory","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansoory, M. S., Azizi, S. M., Mirhosseini, F., Yousefi, D. & Moradpoor, H. A study to investigate the effectiveness of the application of virtual reality technology in dental education. BMC Med. Educ. 22 (1), 457 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0041-0","volume":"226","author":"A Towers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Towers, A., Field, J., Stokes, C., Maddock, S. & Martin, N. A scoping review of the use and application of virtual reality in pre-clinical dental education. Br. Dent. J. 226 (5), 358\u2013366 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"10474_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2020.103659","volume":"114","author":"M Su Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Yin, M. et al. Formative feedback generation in a VR-based dental surgical skill training simulator. J. Biomed. Inf. 114, 103659 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2018.01.009","volume":"34","author":"T-K Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, T-K., Yang, C-H., Hsieh, Y-H., Wang, J-C. & Hung, C-C. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applied in dentistry. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 34 (4), 243\u2013248 (2018).","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzyuba, N., Jandu, J., Yates, J. & Kushnerev, E. Virtual and augmented reality in dental education: The good, the bad and the better. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. (2022).","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12871"},{"issue":"10","key":"10474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12235","volume":"84","author":"A Liebermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liebermann, A. & Erdelt, K. Virtual education: Dental morphologies in a virtual teaching environment. J. Dent. Educ. 84 (10), 1143\u20131150 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"10474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14857","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14857","volume":"11","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Student perceptions toward virtual reality training in dental implant education. PeerJ 11, e14857 (2023).","journal-title":"PeerJ"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10474-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10474-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10474-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:32:41Z","timestamp":1757313161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10474-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-10474-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6285479\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All trial-runs of the app with dentists experienced in the wax-up-practice were performed with their informed consent. Prior to testing, the approval of an ethics-committee (ethics-committee of the medical faculty, University W\u00fcrzburg) was obtained. All methods were carried out in accordance with the institutional and scientifically relevant guidelines und regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Statement on ethics and methods"}}],"article-number":"27633"}}