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Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) suppresses mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) Complex II and induces mitohormetic activation of mitochondrial OXPHOS activities. We examined the effects of ELF-EMF on normal cybrids carrying 100% wild-type mtDNA (2SA cybrids) and NARP cybrids carrying 40% wild-type and 60% mutant mtDNA (NARP3-2 cybrids). We found that ELF-EMF had no effect on the copy number of mtDNA either in 2SA or NARP3-2 cybrids, or the ratio of wild-type-to-mutant mtDNA in NARP3-2 cybrids. Instead, ELF-EMF increased the transcription of mtDNA and the transcription ratio of wild-type-to-mutant mtDNA in NARP3-2 cybrids. In addition, ELF-EMF increased the expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins and the mitochondrial OXPHOS Complex V activity in NARP3-2 cybrids. ELF-EMF upregulated fission-promoting phosphorylation of DRP1, as well as the expression of fusion-promoting MFN1\u00a0and MFN2, in NARP3-2 cybrids. ELF-EMF also increased ATP production estimated by oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and by a biochemical assay in NARP3-2 cybrids. Hormetic activation of mitochondria by ELF-EMF is likely to be effective to ameliorate defective mitochondrial energy production in NARP and other mitochondrial diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10536-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T05:06:40Z","timestamp":1751951200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) enhances mitochondrial energy production in NARP cybrids"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mikako","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosaku","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Teranishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Mino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Yoneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinji","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1109\/Tmag.2002.802307","volume":"38","author":"K Mohri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mohri, K. & Fukushima, M. 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