{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:52:48Z","timestamp":1790135568602,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-MU-CX-0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-MU-CX-0111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013173","name":"Bureau of Justice Statistics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-BJ-CX-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-BJ-CX-0014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Incarceration is associated with adverse physical and mental health that are often brought to light during reentry into the community, particularly in the immediate period following release. Social support, specifically from family members, has been identified as a key protective factor that may promote health and reintegration success among formerly incarcerated individuals. However, less is known about how specific types of family support\u2014emotional and instrumental\u2014relate to health outcomes following release from incarceration. The current study uses data from 517 individuals incarcerated in a large Texas prison, surveyed before and approximately one month after release, to examine the relationship between family support and self-rated physical and mental health. Logistic regression models revealed that strong emotional family support was significantly associated with better self-rated physical health and mental health one month post-release. Additionally, strong instrumental family support predicted better mental health but not physical health among respondents. These findings highlight the crucial role of emotional and instrumental familial support systems in fostering and reducing health disparities and promoting equity among justice-impacted populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11274-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T21:52:24Z","timestamp":1753825944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Family social support during incarceration: implications for health upon release"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6010-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"11274_CR1","unstructured":"World Prison Brief. Highest to Lowest\u2014Prison Population Total (2023). Accessed March 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/highest-to-lowest\/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All"},{"key":"11274_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","volume":"389","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman, C. & Wang, E. A. Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. Lancet 389, 1464\u20131474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11274_CR3","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"J Travis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Travis, J., Western, B. & Redburn, S. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences (National Academies Press, 2014)."},{"key":"11274_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446221228","volume-title":"Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences","author":"D Garland","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garland, D. Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences (Sage Publications, 2001)."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105459","volume":"8","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wildeman, C. & Muller, C. Mass imprisonment and inequality in health and family life. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 8(1), 11\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105459 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071811-145511","volume":"40","author":"JD Morenoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morenoff, J. D. & Harding, D. J. Incarceration, prisoner reentry, and communities. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 40(1), 411\u2013429 (2014).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102551","volume":"36","author":"S Wakefield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wakefield, S. & Uggen, C. Incarceration and stratification. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36(1), 387\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102551 (2010).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00019","volume":"139","author":"B Western","year":"2010","unstructured":"Western, B. & Pettit, B. Incarceration and social inequality. Daedalus 139(3), 8\u201319 (2010).","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"11274_CR9","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Prisoners Once Removed: The Impact of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities","author":"DR Rose","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rose, D. R. & Clear, T. R. Incarceration, reentry, and social capital: Social networks in the balance. In Prisoners Once Removed: The Impact of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities (eds Travis, J. & Waul, M.) 313\u2013341 (Urban Institute Press, 2003)."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-018-9391-z","volume":"35","author":"AF Rengifo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rengifo, A. F. & DeWitt, S. E. Incarceration and personal networks: Unpacking measures and meanings of tie strength. J. Quant. Criminol. 35(2), 393\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10940-018-9391-z (2019).","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"issue":"5","key":"11274_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12794","volume":"83","author":"K Turney","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turney, K. & Halpern-Meekin, S. Incarceration and family instability: Considering relationship churning. J. Marriage Fam. 83(5), 1287\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jomf.12794 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"issue":"6","key":"11274_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0519-1","volume":"53","author":"K Turney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turney, K. & Schneider, D. Incarceration and household asset ownership. Demography 53(6), 2075\u20132103 (2016).","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"11274_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326","volume":"41","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massoglia, M. & Pridemore, W. A. Incarceration and health. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 41, 291\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"11274_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919826563","volume":"134","author":"M Massoglia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massoglia, M. & Remster, B. Linkages between incarceration and health. Public Health Rep. 134(Supplement 1), 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033354919826563 (2019).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"11274_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2022.101958","volume":"83","author":"C Fahmy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fahmy, C. & Mitchell, M. M. Examining recidivism during reentry: Proposing a holistic model of health and wellbeing. J. Crim. Just. 83, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2022.101958 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Crim. Just."},{"key":"11274_CR16","unstructured":"Maruschak, L. M., Bronson, J. & Alper, M. Medical Problems Reported by Prisoners: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. Vol NCJ 252644 (2021)."},{"issue":"4","key":"11274_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00023-9","volume":"9","author":"L Favril","year":"2024","unstructured":"Favril, L., Rich, J. D., Hard, J. & Fazel, S. Mental and physical health morbidity among people in prisons: An umbrella review. Lancet Public Health 9(4), e250\u2013e260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00023-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"11274_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3567","author":"EL Lupez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lupez, E. L. et al. Health, access to care, and financial barriers to care among people incarcerated in US prisons. JAMA Intern. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.3567 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"11274_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2212149","volume":"392","author":"L Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Berk, J. & Williams, B. A. Carceral health care. N. Engl. J. Med. 392(9), 892\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2212149 (2025).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"11274_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallik-Kane, K. & Visher, C. A. Health and Prisoner Reentry: How Physical, Mental, and Substance Abuse Conditions Shape the Process of Reintegration (2008). https:\/\/www.urban.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/31491\/411617-Health-and-Prisoner-Reentry.PDF","DOI":"10.1037\/e719772011-001"},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12213","volume":"57","author":"NW Link","year":"2019","unstructured":"Link, N. W., Ward, J. T. & Stansfield, R. Consequences of mental and physical health for reentry and recidivism: Toward a health-based model of desistance. Criminology 57(3), 544\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12213 (2019).","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"11274_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112618","volume":"243","author":"DC Semenza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Semenza, D. C. & Link, N. W. How does reentry get under the skin? Cumulative reintegration barriers and health in a sample of recently incarcerated men. Soc. Sci. Med. 243, 112618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112618 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12199","volume":"57","author":"LC Porter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porter, L. C. & DeMarco, L. M. Beyond the dichotomy: Incarceration dosage and mental health. Criminology 57(1), 136\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9125.12199 (2018).","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"11274_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1086\/681301","volume":"120","author":"B Western","year":"2015","unstructured":"Western, B., Braga, A. A., Davis, J. & Sirois, C. Stress and hardship after prison. Am. J. Sociol. 120(5), 1512\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/681301 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115","volume":"356","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Binswanger, I. A. et al. Release from prison\u2014A high risk of death for former inmates. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(2), 157\u2013165 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"11274_CR26","first-page":"332","volume":"80","author":"DL Rosen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosen, D. L., Thomas, S., Kavee, A. L. & Ashkin, E. A. Prevalence of chronic health conditions among adults released from the North Carolina Prison System, 2015\u20132016. N. C. Med. J. 80(6), 332\u2013337 (2019).","journal-title":"N. C. Med. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002123","volume":"46","author":"EG Thomas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas, E. G. et al. Trajectories of psychological distress after prison release: Implications for mental health service need in ex-prisoners. Psychol. Med. 46(3), 611\u2013621 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"11274_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2011.07.002","volume":"34","author":"IA Binswanger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Binswanger, I. A. et al. \u201cFrom the prison door right to the sidewalk, everything went downhill\u201d,: A qualitative study of the health experiences of recently released inmates. Int. J. Law Psychiatry. 34(4), 249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2011.07.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2106","volume":"29","author":"DF de Andrade","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Andrade, D. F. et al. Emergency health service contact and reincarceration after release from prison: A prospective cohort study. Crim. Behav. Ment. Health 29(2), 85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.2106 (2019).","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health"},{"key":"11274_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112357","volume":"235","author":"B Western","year":"2019","unstructured":"Western, B. & Simes, J. T. Drug use in the year after prison. Soc. Sci. Med. 235, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112357 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"11274_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x","volume":"105","author":"ELC Merrall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merrall, E. L. C. et al. Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction 105(9), 1545\u20131554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x (2010).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10438","key":"11274_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00344-1","volume":"403","author":"R Borschmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borschmann, R. et al. Rates and causes of death after release from incarceration among 1,471,526 people in eight high-income and middle-income countries: An individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet 403(10438), 1779\u20131788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00344-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"11274_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301883","volume":"104","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kinner, S. A. & Wang, E. A. The case for improving the health of ex-prisoners. Am. J. Public Health. 104(8), 1352\u20131355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301883 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health."},{"issue":"10469","key":"11274_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02563-7","volume":"404","author":"LB Strick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Strick, L. B., Ramaswamy, M. & Stern, M. A public health framework for carceral health. Lancet 404(10469), 2234\u20132237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02563-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X14548023","volume":"60","author":"D Wallace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallace, D. et al. Examining the role of familial support during prison and after release on post-incarceration mental health. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol. 60(1), 3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X14548023 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol."},{"issue":"12","key":"11274_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854819870268","volume":"46","author":"C Fahmy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fahmy, C. & Wallace, D. The influence of familial social support on physical health during reentry. Crim. Justice Behav. 46(12), 1738\u20131756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854819870268 (2019).","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"11274_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427818820902","volume":"56","author":"TJ Mowen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mowen, T. J., Stansfield, R. & Boman, J. H. Family matters: Moving beyond \u201cif\u201d family support matters to \u201cwhy\u201d family support matters during reentry from prison. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 56(4), 483\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427818820902 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Res. Crime Delinq."},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12307","volume":"16","author":"JH Boman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boman, J. H. & Mowen, T. J. Building the ties that bind, breaking the ties that don\u2019t. Criminol. Public Policy. 16(3), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12307 (2017).","journal-title":"Criminol. Public Policy."},{"key":"11274_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479862726.003.0010","volume-title":"Beyond Recidivism: New Approaches to Research on Prisoner Reentry and Reintegration","author":"NF Sugie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sugie, N. F. & Augustine, D. Social support in daily life at reentry. In Beyond Recidivism: New Approaches to Research on Prisoner Reentry and Reintegration (eds Leverentz, A. et al.) 197\u2013218 (New York University Press, 2020)."},{"key":"11274_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114141","author":"C Fahmy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fahmy, C. First weeks out: Social support stability and health among formerly incarcerated men. Soc. Sci. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114141 (2021).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"11274_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09596-4","author":"J Kjellstrand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kjellstrand, J., Clark, M., Caffery, C., Smith, J. & Eddy, J. M. Reentering the community after prison: Perspectives on the role and importance of social support. Am J Crim Justice https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-020-09596-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885516635085","volume":"96","author":"CJ Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor, C. J. The family\u2019s role in the reintegration of formerly incarcerated individuals: The direct effects of emotional support. Prison J. 96(3), 331\u2013354 (2016).","journal-title":"Prison J."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21741","volume":"33","author":"DJ Harding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harding, D. J., Wyse, J. J. B., Dobson, C. & Morenoff, J. D. Making ends meet after prison. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 33(2), 440\u2013470 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Policy Anal. Manag."},{"issue":"7","key":"11274_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548231166154","volume":"50","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, L., Becker, P. & Mowen, T. J. Social support during reentry: Family, mentor, religious, parole officer, and social service roles. Crim. Justice Behav. 50(7), 1053\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00938548231166154 (2023).","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"11274_CR45","volume-title":"Prisoners in 2019","author":"EA Carson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carson, E. A. Prisoners in 2019 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, 2020)."},{"key":"11274_CR46","unstructured":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice. New regional release centers now operating across state. Crim Justice Connect (2010). https:\/\/www.tdcj.texas.gov\/connections\/2010\/SeptOct2010\/agency2_vol18no1.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"11274_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12117-018-9331-1","volume":"25","author":"MM Mitchell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. M., McCullough, K., Wu, J., Pyrooz, D. C. & Decker, S. H. Survey research with gang and non-gang members in prison: Operational lessons from the LoneStar Project. Trends Organ. Crime 25(4), 378\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12117-018-9331-1 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Organ. Crime"},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124119875962","volume":"51","author":"C Fahmy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fahmy, C., Clark, K., Mitchell, M. M., Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D. C. Method to the madness: Tracking and interviewing respondents in a longitudinal study of prisoner reentry. Sociol. Methods Res. 51(3), 1282\u20131324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124119875962 (2019).","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J. Pers. Assess. 52(1), 30\u201341 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"11274_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/tech.2006.s357","volume-title":"Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival and Repeated Measures Models","author":"E Vittinghoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vittinghoff, E., Glidden, D. V., Shiboski, S. C. & McCulloh, C. E. Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival and Repeated Measures Models 2nd edn. (Springer, 2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/tech.2006.s357.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-021-09516-7","volume":"38","author":"MM Mitchell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mitchell, M. M., Fahmy, C., Clark, K. J. & Pyrooz, D. C. Non-random study attrition: Assessing correction techniques and the magnitude of bias in a longitudinal study of reentry from prison. J. Quant. Criminol. 38(3), 755\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10940-021-09516-7 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"11274_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X20967934","author":"KJ Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark, K. J., Mitchell, M. M., Fahmy, C., Pyrooz, D. C. & Decker, S. H. What if they are all high-risk for attrition? Correlates of retention in a longitudinal study of reentry from prison. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comput. Criminol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X20967934 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Offender Ther. Comput. Criminol."},{"key":"11274_CR53","unstructured":"Fahmy, C. Physical health, social support, and reentry: A longitudinal examination of formerly incarcerated individuals (2018). http:\/\/login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu\/login?url=https:\/\/search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu\/docview\/2092688456?accountid=4485"},{"key":"11274_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77650-7_31","volume-title":"Handbook of Quantitative Criminology","author":"CL Britt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Britt, C. L. & Weisburd, D. Logistic regression models for categorical outcome variables. In Handbook of Quantitative Criminology (eds Piquero, A. R. & Weisburd, D.) 649\u2013682 (Springer, 2010)."},{"key":"11274_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100569","author":"D Wallace","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wallace, D. & Wang, X. Does in-prison physical and mental health impact recidivism?. SSM Popul. Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100569 (2020).","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"11274_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190603823.001.0001","volume-title":"Prisons and Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration","author":"J Schnittker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M. & Uggen, C. Prisons and Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration (Oxford University Press, 2022)."},{"key":"11274_CR57","volume-title":"But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry","author":"J Travis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Travis, J. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry (The Urban Institute Press, 2005)."},{"issue":"1","key":"11274_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.21428\/88de04a1.d95029f6","volume":"2","author":"AS Denney","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denney, A. S., Tewksbury, R. & Jones, R. S. Beyond basic needs: Social support and structure for successful offender reentry. J. Qual. Crim Justice Criminol. 2(1), 39\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/88de04a1.d95029f6 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Qual. Crim Justice Criminol."},{"issue":"5","key":"11274_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2018.1439518","volume":"36","author":"TJ Mowen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mowen, T. J. & Boman, J. H. The criminogenic influence of family on substance use during reentry: A life-course perspective on between individual differences and within individual changes. Justice Q. 36(5), 841\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07418825.2018.1439518 (2018).","journal-title":"Justice Q."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12209","volume":"15","author":"T McKay","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKay, T., Comfort, M., Lindquist, C. & Bir, A. If family matters: Supporting family relationships during incarceration and reentry. Criminol. Public Policy 15(2), 529\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12209 (2016).","journal-title":"Criminol. Public Policy"},{"key":"11274_CR61","unstructured":"Bobbitt, M. & Nelson, M. The Front Line: Building Programs That Recognize Families\u2019 Role in Reentry (2004)."},{"issue":"2","key":"11274_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/cfp0000057","volume":"5","author":"CC Datchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Datchi, C. C., Barretti, L. M. & Thompson, C. M. Family services in adult detention centers: Systemic principles for prisoner reentry. Couple Fam. Psychol. Res. Pract. 5(2), 89\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cfp0000057 (2016).","journal-title":"Couple Fam. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"11274_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128720987195","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, L. & Visher, C. A. Decomposition of the role of family in reentry: Family support, tension, gender, and reentry outcomes. Crime Delinq. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128720987195 (2021).","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"issue":"3","key":"11274_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12616","volume":"71","author":"BJ Hood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hood, B. J. & Gaston, S. How families respond to the collateral consequences of incarceration and prisoner reentry. Fam. Relat. 71(3), 1175\u20131190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fare.12616 (2022).","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"issue":"7","key":"11274_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2019.1635243","volume":"58","author":"L Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, L. & Visher, C. A. The crossover of negative emotions between former prisoners and their family members during reunion: A test of general strain theory. J. Offender Rehabil. 58(7), 567\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10509674.2019.1635243 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Offender Rehabil."},{"issue":"18","key":"11274_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189625","volume":"18","author":"AN Montes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montes, A. N. et al. An assessment of prisoner reentry, legal financial obligations, and family financial support: A focus on fathers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(18), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189625 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"11274_CR67","unstructured":"Schwartz, M. Support for the Journey Home: An Impact Study of the Returning Citizens Stimulus Program (2025). https:\/\/www.mdrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Returning_Citizens_Brief.pdf"},{"key":"11274_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-57929-4_3","volume-title":"Prisoner Reentry: Critical Issues and Policy Directions","author":"AL Begun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Begun, A. L., Hodge, A. I. & Early, T. J. A family systems perspective in prisoner reentry. In Prisoner Reentry: Critical Issues and Policy Directions (ed. Stojkovic, S.) 85\u2013144 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)."},{"key":"11274_CR69","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"E Mooney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mooney, E. & Bala, N. The importance of supporting family connections to ensure successful re-entry. R-Street Inst. 63, 1\u20136 (2018).","journal-title":"R-Street Inst."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11274-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11274-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11274-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:44:30Z","timestamp":1757321070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11274-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-11274-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27716"}}