{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:02:55Z","timestamp":1793102575310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a complex disorder characterized by distinct subphenotypes with varied clinical presentations and prognoses. Categorizing these subphenotypes may facilitate standardization of research cohorts and optimization of therapeutic strategies. The endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) quantifies thrombotic microangiopathy severity, a pathophysiological hallmark of AKI. Consequently, we utilized EASIX trajectory analysis to identify AKI subphenotypes. AKI patients were identified from the eICU Collaborative Research Database to develop a group-based trajectory model. EASIX scores recorded during the initial seven ICU days were utilized for trajectory modeling. Patients were stratified into distinct subgroups according to the best model. Variable selection was performed using LASSO regression, followed by multivariate Cox regression analyses to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) across the identified subgroups. An independent validation cohort comprised patients from the central ICU of West China Hospital (WCH). The study\u2019s primary endpoints included all-cause in-ICU and in-hospital mortality across the identified subphenotypes. The final analysis included 317 patients from the eICU database and 58 patients from WCH. Based on the EASIX trajectories derived from the first seven ICU days, we identified two distinct subphenotypes: a \u201cStably High\u201d (SH) group and a \u201cDecreasing\u201d (D) group. Compared to the D group, the SH group demonstrated significantly higher mortality risk, with an HR of 2.26 (95% CI 1.14\u20134.26, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018) for ICU mortality and 1.85 (95% CI 1.03\u20133.29, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038) for 30-day in-hospital mortality. These findings were replicated in the WCH validation cohort. This study identified and validated two distinct AKI subphenotypes through EASIX trajectory analysis, demonstrating significant heterogeneity in clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, comorbidities, and outcomes between these groups. Future research may focus on early subphenotype prediction, differential treatment responses, and molecular mechanisms driving inter-group variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11587-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:52:02Z","timestamp":1758883922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring trajectories of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ding-yuan","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-yao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"11587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","volume":"41","author":"EAJ Hoste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoste, E. A. J. et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 41, 1411\u20131423 (2015).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"11587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2454","volume":"147","author":"CS Calfee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calfee, C. S. et al. Distinct molecular phenotypes of direct vs indirect ARDS in Single-Center and multicenter studies. Chest 147, 1539\u20131548 (2015).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"11587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1546-4","volume":"20","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhatraju, P. K. et al. Acute kidney injury subphenotypes based on creatinine trajectory identifies patients at increased risk of death. Crit. Care. 20, 372 (2016).","journal-title":"Crit. 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Association between endothelial activation and stress index and 28-Day mortality in septic ICU patients: a retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Med. Sci. 20, 1165\u20131173 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"11587_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72269","volume":"124","author":"BA Molitoris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Molitoris, B. A. Therapeutic translation in acute kidney injury: the epithelial\/endothelial axis. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 2355\u20132363 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"11587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04554-y","volume":"27","author":"MR Atreya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atreya, M. R. et al. Prognostic and predictive value of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: risk-stratified analysis from a prospective observational cohort of pediatric septic shock. Crit. 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This retrospective study was approved by Ethics Committee on Biomedical Research of West China Hospital (No. 20211687). Since this study is observational in nature, written informed consent from participants are waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33056"}}