{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:24:53Z","timestamp":1793395493537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11768-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T15:46:09Z","timestamp":1753544769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis using reverse vaccinology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Akurut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahaya","family":"Gavamukulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mulindwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Isiagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Galiwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudarshiru","family":"Bbuye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibra","family":"Lujumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Kiberu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Nabisubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Kebirungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kambugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyaviira","family":"Nkurunungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daudi","family":"Jjingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Oketch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Patrick","family":"Kateete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Mboowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"11768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.8","volume":"16","author":"S Gagneux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gagneux, S. Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 202\u2013213 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"11768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobadilla-del Valle, M. et al. Trends of Mycobacterium bovis isolation and First-Line Anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility profile: A Fifteen-Year Laboratory-Based surveillance. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis 9, (2015).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004124"},{"key":"11768_CR3","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Report. (2022). https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2022"},{"key":"11768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.99999-99","volume":"78","author":"TR Hawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawn, T. R. et al. Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 78, 22 (2014).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"11768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.033","volume":"33","author":"JI Moliva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moliva, J. I., Turner, J. & Torrelles, J. B. Prospects in Mycobacterium bovis Bacille calmette et Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine diversity and delivery: why does BCG fail to protect against tuberculosis?? Vaccine 33, 5035\u20135041 (2015).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101431","volume":"50","author":"TJ Scriba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scriba, T. J., Netea, M. G. & Ginsberg, A. M. Key recent advances in TB vaccine development and Understanding of protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Semin Immunol. 50, 101431 (2020).","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"11768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw006","volume":"110","author":"J Manjelievskaia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manjelievskaia, J., Erck, D., Piracha, S. & Schrager, L. Drug-resistant TB: deadly, costly and in need of a vaccine. Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 110, 186\u2013191 (2016).","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"11768_CR8","first-page":"1013","volume":"11","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivastava, S., Dey, S. & Mukhopadhyay, S. Vaccines against Tuberculosis: where Are We Now? Vaccines 11, 1013 (2023).","journal-title":"Vaccines against Tuberculosis: where Are We Now? Vaccines"},{"key":"11768_CR9","first-page":"1481","volume":"24","author":"A Calmette","year":"1931","unstructured":"Calmette, A. Preventive vaccination against tuberculosis with BCG. Proc. R Soc. Med. 24, 1481\u20131490 (1931).","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. Med."},{"key":"11768_CR10","unstructured":"Kaufmann, S. H. E. Novel approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development. Int J. Infect. Dis 5, 5 (2017)."},{"key":"11768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.11.006","volume":"3","author":"TP Setiabudiawan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Setiabudiawan, T. P. et al. Protection against tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination: A historical perspective. Med 3, 6\u201324 (2022).","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"11768_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1211","volume":"3","author":"P Andersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andersen, P. & Doherty, T. M. The success and failure of BCG \u2014 implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3, 656\u2013662 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"11768_CR13","unstructured":"Pipeline of vaccines. TBVI https:\/\/www.tbvi.eu\/what-we-do\/pipeline-of-vaccines\/"},{"key":"11768_CR14","unstructured":"Global tuberculosis report. (2021). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240037021"},{"key":"11768_CR15","unstructured":"TB Vaccine Clinical Pipeline. Working Group on New TB Vaccines https:\/\/newtbvaccines.org\/tb-vaccine-pipeline\/clinical-phase\/"},{"key":"11768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12010038","volume":"12","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Enhancing TB vaccine efficacy: current progress on vaccines, adjuvants and immunization strategies. Vaccines 12, 38 (2023).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"11768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tordello, E., Rappuoli, R. & Delany, I. Reverse Vaccinology: Exploiting Genomes for Vaccine Design. in Human Vaccines: Emerging Technologies in Design and Development 65\u201386 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-802302-0.00002-9","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802302-0.00002-9"},{"key":"11768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00262-8","volume":"6","author":"AD White","year":"2021","unstructured":"White, A. D. et al. MTBVAC vaccination protects rhesus macaques against aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis and induces immune signatures analogous to those observed in clinical studies. Npj Vaccines. 6, 4 (2021).","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"11768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naz, K. et al. PanRV: Pangenome-reverse vaccinology approach for identifications of potential vaccine candidates in microbial pangenome. BMC Bioinformatics 20, 123 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2713-9"},{"key":"11768_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.018","volume":"30","author":"WR Waters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waters, W. R., Palmer, M. V., Buddle, B. M. & Vordermeier, H. M. Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research: historical perspectives and recent advances. Vaccine 30, 2611\u20132622 (2012).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11768_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.5808\/gi.23021","volume":"21","author":"MT Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, M. T. et al. Multi-epitope vaccine against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a proteome-wide Subtraction and immunoinformatics approach. Genomics Inf. 21, e42 (2023).","journal-title":"Genomics Inf."},{"key":"11768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09284-x","volume":"70","author":"A Moodley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moodley, A. et al. Reverse vaccinology approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis biomarker PE_PGRS17. Immunol. Res. 70, 501\u2013517 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"11768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474346","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1474346","volume":"15","author":"JS Yun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yun, J. S. et al. In Silico analysis for the development of multi-epitope vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front. Immunol. 15, 1474346 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"11768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatoon, N., Pandey, R. K. & Prajapati, V. K. Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach. Sci. Rep. 7, 8285 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w"},{"key":"11768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Immunoinformatics and Reverse Vaccinology Approach for the Identification of Potential Vaccine Candidates. against Vandammella animalimors. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/12\/7\/1270","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071270"},{"key":"11768_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimpel, C. K. et al. Complete Genome Sequencing of Mycobacterium bovis SP38 and Comparative Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis Strains. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2389 (2017).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02389"},{"key":"11768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040417","volume":"14","author":"O Barazani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barazani, O., Erdos, T., Chowdhury, R., Kaur, G. & Venketaraman, V. New advances in the development and design of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccines: construction and validation of Multi-Epitope vaccines for Tuberculosis prevention. Biology 14, 417 (2025).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"11768_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Maio, F., Berisio, R., Manganelli, R. & Delogu, G. PE_PGRS proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A specialized molecular task force at the forefront of host\u2013pathogen interaction. Virulence 11, 898\u2013915 (2020).","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1785815"},{"key":"11768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4","volume":"8","author":"IA Doytchinova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I. A. & Flower, D. R. VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 8, 4 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"11768_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.029","volume":"140","author":"AL Michel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michel, A. L., M\u00fcller, B. & van Helden, P. D. Mycobacterium bovis at the animal\u2013human interface: A problem, or not? Vet. Microbiol. 140, 371\u2013381 (2010).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"11768_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanzala, S. I. et al. Retrospective analysis of archived Pyrazinamide resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Uganda\u2014Evidence of interspecies transmission. Microorganisms 7, 221 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080221"},{"key":"11768_CR32","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/"},{"key":"11768_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D480","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1100","volume":"49","author":"The UniProt Consortium","year":"2021","unstructured":"The UniProt Consortium. UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, D480\u2013D489 (2021).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"11768_CR34","unstructured":"Mykrobe - Antimicrobial resistance and outbreak information within minutes. https:\/\/www.mykrobe.com\/"},{"key":"11768_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, M. et al. Antibiotic resistance prediction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from genome sequence data with mykrobe. Wellcome Open. Res 4, 191 (2019).","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15603.1"},{"key":"11768_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Xiang, Z. & Mobley, H. L. T. Vaxign: the first web-based vaccine design program for reverse vaccinology and applications for vaccine development. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 297505 (2010).","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/297505"},{"key":"11768_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-62","volume":"9","author":"A Garg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garg, A. & Gupta, D. VirulentPred: a SVM based prediction method for virulent proteins in bacterial pathogens. BMC Bioinform. 9, 62 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"11768_CR38","unstructured":"Protein, B. L. A. S. T. search protein databases using a protein query. https:\/\/blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome."},{"key":"11768_CR39","unstructured":"Saha, S. & Raghava, G. P. S. Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network. 9."},{"key":"11768_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-8-27","volume":"8","author":"S Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Ansari, H., Gautam, A. & Raghava, G. Identification of B-cell epitopes in an antigen for inducing specific class of antibodies. Biol. Direct. 8, 27 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"11768_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01369","volume":"9","author":"SK Dhanda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanda, S. K. et al. Predicting HLA CD4 immunogenicity in human populations. Front. Immunol. 9, 1369 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"11768_CR42","unstructured":"NetCTL \u2013\u20091. 2 - Services - DTU Health Tech. https:\/\/services.healthtech.dtu.dk\/service.php?NetCTL-1.2"},{"key":"11768_CR43","unstructured":"Bioinformatics tool for allergenicity prediction. https:\/\/www.ddg-pharmfac.net\/AllerTOP\/"},{"key":"11768_CR44","unstructured":"IEDB.org. Free epitope database and prediction resource. http:\/\/www.iedb.org"},{"key":"11768_CR45","unstructured":"AMP Database Search. https:\/\/aps.unmc.edu\/database\/peptide"},{"key":"11768_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx345","volume":"33","author":"M Hebditch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hebditch, M., Carballo-Amador, M. A., Charonis, S., Curtis, R. & Warwicker, J. Protein\u2013Sol: a web tool for predicting protein solubility from sequence. Bioinformatics 33, 3098\u20133100 (2017).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"11768_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571","volume-title":"The Proteomics Protocols Handbook","author":"E Gasteiger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gasteiger, E. et al. Protein identification and analysis tools on the expasy server. in The Proteomics Protocols Handbook (ed Walker, J. M.) 571\u2013607 (Humana, Totowa, NJ, doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571. (2005)."},{"key":"11768_CR48","unstructured":"EMBOSS Pepstats\u2009<\u2009EMBL-EBI. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/jdispatcher\/seqstats\/emboss_pepstats"},{"key":"11768_CR49","unstructured":"Protein features instruct. the secretion dynamics from metal-supported synthetic amyloids - ScienceDirect. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014181302303060X"},{"key":"11768_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W430","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw306","volume":"44","author":"S Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, S., Li, W., Liu, S. & Xu, J. RaptorX-Property: a web server for protein structure property prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W430\u2013W435 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"11768_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.4.404","volume":"16","author":"LJ McGuffin","year":"2000","unstructured":"McGuffin, L. J., Bryson, K. & Jones, D. T. The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server. Bioinforma Oxf. Engl. 16, 404\u2013405 (2000).","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"11768_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18962","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18962","volume":"6","author":"S Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, S., Peng, J., Ma, J. & Xu, J. Protein secondary structure prediction using deep convolutional neural fields. Sci. Rep. 6, 18962 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"11768_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","volume":"596","author":"J Jumper","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jumper, J. et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with alphafold. Nature 596, 583\u2013589 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11768_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00348-5","volume":"3","author":"J Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, J., McPartlon, M. & Li, J. Improved protein structure prediction by deep learning irrespective of co-evolution information. Nat. Mach. Intell. 3, 601\u2013609 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"11768_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GalaxyRefine. protein structure refinement driven by side-chain repacking | Nucleic Acids Research | Oxford Academic. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nar\/article\/41\/W1\/W384\/1108398","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt458"},{"key":"11768_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93266-w","volume":"11","author":"R Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Rajput, V. S., Jamal, S., Grover, A. & Grover, S. An immunoinformatics approach to design a multi-epitope vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploiting secreted exosome proteins. Sci. Rep. 11, 13836 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"11768_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stolfi, P. et al. In-silico evaluation of adenoviral COVID-19 vaccination protocols: assessment of immunological memory up to 6 months after the third dose. Front Immunol 13, 998262 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.998262"},{"key":"11768_CR58","unstructured":"iMod & Server home page. https:\/\/imods.iqf.csic.es\/"},{"key":"11768_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-153","volume":"7","author":"HH Bui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bui, H. H. et al. Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 7, 153 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"11768_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftw016","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw016","volume":"74","author":"HM Dockrell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dockrell, H. M. Towards new TB vaccines: what are the challenges? Pathog Dis. 74, ftw016 (2016).","journal-title":"Pathog Dis."},{"key":"11768_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102761","volume":"55","author":"I P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, I. et al. Live attenuated TB vaccines representing the three modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages reveal that the Euro\u2013American genetic background confers optimal vaccine potential. EBioMedicine 55, 102761 (2020).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"11768_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255920","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1255920","volume":"14","author":"F Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, F. et al. Immunological effects of the PE\/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related vaccines. Front. Immunol. 14, 1255920 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"11768_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328978","volume":"7","author":"GL Ada","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ada, G. L. The ideal vaccine. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7, 105\u2013109 (1991).","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"11768_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1816","volume":"287","author":"M Pizza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pizza, M. Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B Meningococcus by Whole-Genome sequencing. Science 287, 1816\u20131820 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11768_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170913163904","volume":"24","author":"K Reginald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reginald, K., Chan, Y., Plebanski, M. & Poh, C. L. Development of peptide vaccines in dengue. Curr. Pharm. Des. 24, 1157\u20131173 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"11768_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01784","volume":"11","author":"R Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, R., Chu, Z., Yu, F. & Zha, Y. Contriving Multi-Epitope subunit of vaccine for COVID-19: immunoinformatics approaches. Front. Immunol. 11, 1784 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"11768_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050819","volume":"10","author":"A Facciol\u00e0","year":"2022","unstructured":"Facciol\u00e0, A., Visalli, G., Lagan\u00e0, A. & Pietro, A. D. An overview of vaccine adjuvants: current evidence and future perspectives. Vaccines 10, 819 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"11768_CR68","unstructured":"Reverse vaccinology approach. to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis biomarker PE_PGRS17 | Immunologic Research. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12026-022-09284-x"},{"key":"11768_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714021","volume":"379","author":"E Nemes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nemes, E. et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N Engl. J. Med. 379, 138\u2013149 (2018).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"11768_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines2030515","volume":"2","author":"W Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, W., Joshi, M. D., Singhania, S., Ramsey, K. H. & Murthy, A. K. Peptide vaccine: progress and challenges. Vaccines 2, 515 (2014).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"11768_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-7580-6-S2-S1","volume":"6","author":"DR Flower","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flower, D. R., Macdonald, I. K., Ramakrishnan, K. & Davies, M. N. Doytchinova, I. A. Computer aided selection of candidate vaccine antigens. Immunome Res. 6, S1 (2010).","journal-title":"Immunome Res."},{"key":"11768_CR72","first-page":"39","volume":"2","author":"AS De Groot","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Groot, A. S., Moise, L., McMurry, J. A. & Martin, W. Epitope-Based Immunome-Derived vaccines: A strategy for improved design and safety. Clin. Appl. Immunomics. 2, 39\u201369 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Immunomics"},{"key":"11768_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.05.080","volume":"42","author":"G Koutsoumpli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koutsoumpli, G., Stasiukonyte, N., Hoogeboom, B. N. & Daemen, T. An in vitro CD8 T-cell priming assay enables epitope selection for hepatitis C virus vaccines. Vaccine 42, 126032 (2024).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"11768_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kiros, T. G. et al. The importance of animal models in the development of vaccines. Innov. Vaccinol. 251\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4543-8_11 (2012).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4543-8_11"},{"key":"11768_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02944-5","volume":"30","author":"AJ Mentzer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mentzer, A. J. et al. High-resolution African HLA resource uncovers HLA-DRB1 expression effects underlying vaccine response. Nat. Med. 30, 1384\u20131394 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11768-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11768-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11768-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T02:26:36Z","timestamp":1757298396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-11768-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-11768-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the School of Biomedical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (Reference: SBSREC-2021-67) at Makerere University College of Health Sciences.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical consideration"}}],"article-number":"27298"}}