{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:12:42Z","timestamp":1793725962174,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72342014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72342014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2024ZD0523903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0523903"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of Health Information Center of Sichuan Province","award":["2023ZXKY06001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZXKY06001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12580-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1753440712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Disease network analysis to reveal comorbidity patterns in hospitalized patients with COPD using large-scale administrative health data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yanchu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"12580_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd) (2024)."},{"key":"12580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.04.015","volume":"208","author":"W Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, W., Fang, L., Zhang, H., Ni, R. & Pan, G. Global disease burden of COPD from 1990 to 2019 and prediction of future disease burden trend in China. Public Health 208, 89\u201397 (2022).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"12580_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61097-1","volume":"381","author":"G Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, G. et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990\u20132010: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 381, 1987\u20132015 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00261-8","volume":"11","author":"L Fabbri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fabbri, L. et al. COPD and multimorbidity: Recognising and addressing a syndemic occurrence. Lancet Respir. Med. 11, 1020\u20131034 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07136","volume":"65","author":"NS Hansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansen, N. S., \u00c4ngquist, L., Lange, P. & Jacobsen, R. Comorbidity clusters and healthcare use in individuals with COPD. Respir. Care 65, 1120\u20131127 (2020).","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"12580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193143","volume":"13","author":"MJ Divo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divo, M. J. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a disease of early aging: Evidence from the EpiChron cohort. PLoS ONE 13, e0193143 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-014-6569-y","volume":"29","author":"G Campo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campo, G. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease comorbidity: Overview of mechanisms and clinical management. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 29, 147\u2013157 (2015).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"12580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1312-7","volume":"21","author":"EL Axson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Axson, E. L. et al. Hospitalisation and mortality in patients with comorbid COPD and heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir. Res. 21, 54 (2020).","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"12580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14489","volume":"28","author":"PMA Calverley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calverley, P. M. A. & Walker, P. P. Contemporary concise review 2022: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 28, 428\u2013436 (2023).","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"12580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00216013","volume":"44","author":"M Hardin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hardin, M. et al. The clinical and genetic features of COPD-asthma overlap syndrome. Eur. Respir. J. 44, 341\u2013350 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"12580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-018-0101-y","volume":"28","author":"B St\u00e4llberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"St\u00e4llberg, B. et al. Real-world retrospective cohort study ARCTIC shows burden of comorbidities in Swedish COPD versus non-COPD patients. NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med. 28, 33 (2018).","journal-title":"NPJ Prim. Care Respir. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03160-6","volume":"26","author":"C Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith, C. et al. Disproportionately raised risk of adverse outcomes in patients with COPD and comorbid type 2 diabetes or depression: Swedish register-based cohort study. Respir. Res. 26, 84 (2025).","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"12580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S378979","volume":"18","author":"M Giezeman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giezeman, M. et al. Comorbid heart disease in patients with COPD is associated with increased hospitalization and mortality\u2014A 15-year follow-up. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 18, 11\u201321 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"12580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00061414","volume":"45","author":"AS Gershon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gershon, A. S. et al. Quantifying comorbidity in individuals with COPD: A population study. Eur. Respir. J. 45, 51\u201359 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"12580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071179","volume":"13","author":"S Kotlyarov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotlyarov, S. Analysis of the comorbid course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Pers. Med. 13, 1179 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147997312110563","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731211056348","volume":"18","author":"KK Zulkifli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zulkifli, K. K., Mohamed Shah, F. Z., Ismail, A. I., Abdul Rahman, T. H. & Ghani, R. A. Prevalence and associated factors of dysglycemia among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron. Respir. Dis. 18, 14799731211056348 (2021).","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"12580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0034OC","volume":"186","author":"M Divo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Divo, M. et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 186, 155\u2013161 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"12580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2013.05.003","volume":"49","author":"MV L\u00f3pez Varela","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Varela, M. V. et al. Comorbilidades y estado de salud en individuos con y sin EPOC en 5 ciudades de Am\u00e9rica Latina: Estudio PLATINO. Arch. Bronconeumol. 49, 468\u2013474 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"12580_CR19","first-page":"000","volume":"00","author":"A Corlateanu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corlateanu, A. COPD and comorbidities in the Republic of Moldova. Eurasian J. Pulmonol. 00, 000\u201300 (2022).","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Pulmonol."},{"key":"12580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12986","volume":"48","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmann, S. G. & Curtiss, J. A complex network approach to clinical science. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 48, e12986 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"12580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103206","volume":"94","author":"EP Garc\u00eda Del Valle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Del Valle, E. P. et al. Disease networks and their contribution to disease understanding: A review of their evolution, techniques and data sources. J. Biomed. Inform. 94, 103206 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"12580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-024-00693-7","volume":"22","author":"SA Gomez-Ochoa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gomez-Ochoa, S. A., Lanzer, J. D. & Levinson, R. T. Disease network-based approaches to study comorbidity in heart failure: Current state and future perspectives. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 22, 6 (2025).","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"12580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000353","volume":"5","author":"CA Hidalgo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hidalgo, C. A., Blumm, N., Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. & Christakis, N. A. A dynamic network approach for the study of human phenotypes. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, e1000353 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"12580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02286-3","volume":"24","author":"MR Baneshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baneshi, M. R., Dobson, A. & Mishra, G. D. Choices of measures of association affect the visualisation and composition of the multimorbidity networks. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 24, 157 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"12580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10010080","volume":"10","author":"D Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, D., Wang, L., Ding, S., Shen, M. & Qiu, H. Phenotypic disease network analysis to identify comorbidity patterns in hospitalized patients with ischemic heart disease using large-scale administrative data. Healthcare 10, 80 (2022).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"12580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.01009","volume":"11","author":"HA Cruz-\u00c1vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cruz-\u00c1vila, H. A., Vallejo, M., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, M. & Hern\u00e1ndez-Lemus, E. Comorbidity networks in cardiovascular diseases. Front. Physiol. 11, 1009 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"12580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.100","volume":"296","author":"H Qiu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Wang, L., Zeng, X. & Pan, J. Comorbidity patterns in depression: A disease network analysis using regional hospital discharge records. J. Affect. Disord. 296, 418\u2013427 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"12580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093108","volume":"17","author":"X-M Mu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu, X.-M., Wang, W., Jiang, Y.-Y. & Feng, J. Patterns of comorbidity in hepatocellular carcinoma: A network perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 3108 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"12580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06838-9","volume":"12","author":"J Carmona-P\u00edrez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carmona-P\u00edrez, J. et al. Identifying multimorbidity profiles associated with COVID-19 severity in chronic patients using network analysis in the PRECOVID Study. Sci. Rep. 12, 2831 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1077-x","volume":"21","author":"MA Korolainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korolainen, M. A. et al. Burden of migraine in Finland: Multimorbidity and phenotypic disease networks in occupational healthcare. J. Headache Pain 21, 8 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"12580_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41999","volume":"9","author":"H Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Wang, L., Zhou, L. & Wang, X. Comorbidity patterns in patients newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer: Network-based study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 9, e41999 (2023).","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"12580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107979","volume":"26","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. A network-based study reveals multimorbidity patterns in people with type 2 diabetes. iScience 26, 107979 (2023).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"12580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03204-y","volume":"21","author":"Y Bao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao, Y. et al. Exploring multimorbidity profiles in middle-aged inpatients: A network-based comparative study of China and the United Kingdom. BMC Med. 21, 495 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"12580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00187-X","volume":"5","author":"V Kuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuan, V. et al. Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: A population-based study. Lancet Digit. Health 5, e16\u2013e27 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"12580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02963-6","volume":"52","author":"H Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, H. & Uddin, S. A disease network-based recommender system framework for predictive risk modelling of chronic diseases and their comorbidities. Appl. Intell. 52, 10330\u201310340 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"12580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-01802-z","volume":"22","author":"Z Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Qiu, H., Wang, L. & Shen, M. Network analytics and machine learning for predicting length of stay in elderly patients with chronic diseases at point of admission. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 22, 62 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"12580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118541","volume":"210","author":"P Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, P., Qiu, H., Wang, L. & Zhou, L. Early prediction of high-cost inpatients with ischemic heart disease using network analytics and machine learning. Expert Syst. Appl. 210, 118541 (2022).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"12580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00171614","volume":"46","author":"MJ Divo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Divo, M. J. et al. COPD comorbidities network. Eur. Respir. J. 46, 640\u2013650 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"12580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13518","volume":"16","author":"JM Figueira-Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Figueira-Gon\u00e7alves, J. M. et al. Evaluation of the multimorbidity network and its relationship with clinical phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The GALAXIA study. Clin. Respir. J. 16, 504\u2013512 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"12580_CR40","unstructured":"Tools Archive for the Chronic Condition Indicator Refined for ICD-10-CM. https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/chronic_icd10\/chronic_icd10_archive.jsp (2024)."},{"key":"12580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6965","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236965","volume":"11","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Phenotypic disease network-based multimorbidity analysis in idiopathic cardiomyopathy patients with hospital discharge records. J. Clin. Med. 11, 6965 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10242","volume":"54","author":"P Ahlgren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahlgren, P., Jarneving, B. & Rousseau, R. Requirements for a cocitation similarity measure, with special reference to Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 54, 550\u2013560 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"12580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21009","volume":"60","author":"L Egghe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egghe, L. & Leydesdorff, L. The relation between Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient r and Salton\u2019s cosine measure. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 60, 1027\u20131036 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"12580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-007-0114-2","volume":"14","author":"X Wu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. Top 10 algorithms in data mining. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 14, 1\u201337 (2008).","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"12580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. & Lefebvre, E. Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp. 2008, P10008 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp."},{"key":"12580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159161","volume":"11","author":"S Emmons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emmons, S., Kobourov, S., Gallant, M. & B\u00f6rner, K. Analysis of network clustering algorithms and cluster quality metrics at scale. PLoS ONE 11, e0159161 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12580_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-024-00710-9","volume":"19","author":"V Sriram","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sriram, V., Woerner, J., Ahn, Y.-Y. & Kim, D. The interplay of sex and genotype in disease associations: A comprehensive network analysis in the UK Biobank. Hum. Genom. 19, 4 (2025).","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"12580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S54473","volume":"10","author":"N Tzanakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tzanakis, N., Hillas, G., Perlikos, F. & Tsiligianni, I. Managing comorbidities in COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 10, 95\u2013109 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"12580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2021.0179","volume":"85","author":"NCD Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos, N. C. D. et al. Prevalence and impact of comorbidities in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. 85, 205\u2013220 (2022).","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"12580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S36222","volume":"7","author":"P Lucas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lucas, P. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a cardiovascular risk factor. Results of a case\u2013control study (CONSISTE study). Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 7, 679\u2013686 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"12580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030743","volume":"13","author":"DF Mariniello","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mariniello, D. F. et al. Comorbidities in COPD: Current and future treatment challenges. J. Clin. Med. 13, 743 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0057-2018","volume":"27","author":"KF Rabe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rabe, K. F., Hurst, J. R. & Suissa, S. Cardiovascular disease and COPD: Dangerous liaisons?. Eur. Respir. Rev. 27, 185057 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"12580_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.07.009","volume":"161","author":"H Solleiro-Villavicencio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Solleiro-Villavicencio, H., Quintana-Carrillo, R., Falf\u00e1n-Valencia, R. & Vargas-Rojas, M. I. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by exposure to biomass smoke is associated with a Th2 cytokine production profile. Clin. Immunol. 161, 150\u2013155 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"12580_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw452","volume":"32","author":"J Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia, J. et al. Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney disease in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 32, 475\u2013487 (2017).","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"12580_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58721-0","volume":"10","author":"T-T Chau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chau, T.-T. & Wang, K.-Y. An association between air pollution and daily most frequently visits of eighteen outpatient diseases in an industrial city. Sci. Rep. 10, 2321 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12580_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14429","volume":"75","author":"U Radzikowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radzikowska, U. et al. Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors. Allergy 75, 2829\u20132845 (2020).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"12580_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001091","volume":"30","author":"I Blanco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blanco, I., Torres-Castro, R. & Barber\u00e0, J. A. Pulmonary vascular disease in chronic lung diseases: Cause or comorbidity?. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 30, 437\u2013443 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1671-5","volume":"18","author":"T Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiao, T. et al. Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their associated factors in mild COPD patients from community settings, Shanghai, China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 18, 89 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"12580_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1271-7","volume":"465","author":"NC Donner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donner, N. C. & Lowry, C. A. Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior. Pfl\u00fcg. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 465, 601\u2013626 (2013).","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"12580_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.03.010","volume":"23","author":"ED Onal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onal, E. D. & Usluogullar\u0131, A. Anemia and osteoporosis: Causal association or epiphenomenon?. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 23, e117 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"12580_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06958-2","volume":"12","author":"GR Foley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foley, G. R. et al. Urban\u2013rural prostate cancer disparities in a regional state of Australia. Sci. Rep. 12, 3022 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12580_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0698-2","volume":"15","author":"C B\u00e4hler","year":"2015","unstructured":"B\u00e4hler, C., Huber, C. A., Br\u00fcngger, B. & Reich, O. Multimorbidity, health care utilization and costs in an elderly community-dwelling population: A claims data based observational study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 15, 23 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"12580_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.12.011","volume":"64","author":"A Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong, A., Boshuizen, H. C., Schellevis, F. G., Kommer, G. J. & Polder, J. J. Longitudinal administrative data can be used to examine multimorbidity, provided false discoveries are controlled for. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 64, 1109\u20131117 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12580-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12580-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12580-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T01:32:25Z","timestamp":1757295145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12580-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-12580-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Health Information Center of Sichuan Province (Ethics Approval Number: ZX-EC202300101). All data analyses were conducted within the Health Information Center of Sichuan Province. The requirement to obtain informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Health Information Center of Sichuan Province because of the secondary nature of the de-identified data in the retrospective study design.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"27082"}}