{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:08:04Z","timestamp":1790788084928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental disorder marked by a significantly low body weight. Differentially methylated CpG sites have been reported to be involved in body weight regulation. Methylation pattern may change during considerable weight gain by in-patient treatment. Consequently, we aimed to (1) replicate the hypomethylation at the <jats:italic>NR1H3<\/jats:italic> gene locus (identified in our previous epigenome-wide association study) in independent study groups of 189 female patients with AN and 67 healthy-lean female controls, and (2) identify regions associated with large weight gain associated DNA methylation changes in three patients with AN through whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. In the replication study, no evidence was observed for hypomethylation at the investigated 15 CpG sites of the <jats:italic>NR1H3<\/jats:italic> locus. Relying on two analysis tools (camel, metilene) to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs), subtle methylation differences concordant between both tools were detected only when the usual threshold of camel was lowered. Then, eight regions were selected exemplarily for technical replication with deep bisulfite sequencing in the same three patients with AN. None of the regions could be confirmed. Summarising, we could not confirm hypomethylation at <jats:italic>NR1H3<\/jats:italic> and could not detect methylation differences in patients with AN between admission and weight gain at discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12592-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T06:10:08Z","timestamp":1754547008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["No indications of weight gain associated DNA methylation changes in patients with anorexia nervosa"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luisa Sophie","family":"Rajcsanyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kesselmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Schmelting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triinu","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"F\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Beygo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zeschnigk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Giuranna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Herpertz-Dahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"de Zwaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Zipfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Egberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Burghardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Budeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hebebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Horsthemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Hinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"12592_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00716-0","author":"A Hinney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinney, A., Korner, A. & Fischer-Posovszky, P. The promise of new anti-obesity therapies arising from knowledge of genetic obesity traits. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-022-00716-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"12592_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.03.014","volume":"84","author":"T Udo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Udo, T. & Grilo, C. M. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5-defined eating disorders in a nationally representative sample of US. Adults. Biol. Psychiatry 84, 345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.03.014 (2018).","journal-title":"Adults. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01071-z","volume":"25","author":"CM Bulik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bulik, C. M. et al. Genetics and neurobiology of eating disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 543\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-022-01071-z (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"12592_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"12592_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20875","volume":"44","author":"J Hebebrand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hebebrand, J. & Bulik, C. M. Critical appraisal of the provisional DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa and an alternative proposal. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 44, 665\u2013678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20875 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"12592_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227166","volume":"339","author":"T Shimazu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shimazu, T. et al. Suppression of oxidative stress by beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science 339, 211\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1227166 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"12592_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4746","volume":"5","author":"P Dominguez-Salas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dominguez-Salas, P. et al. Maternal nutrition at conception modulates DNA methylation of human metastable epialleles. Nat Commun 5, 3746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms4746 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"12592_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806560105","volume":"105","author":"BT Heijmans","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heijmans, B. T. et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17046\u201317049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0806560105 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"12592_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0254-7","volume":"24","author":"C H\u00fcbel","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00fcbel, C., Marzi, S. J., Breen, G. & Bulik, C. M. Epigenetics in eating disorders: A systematic review. Mol. Psychiatry 24, 901\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-018-0254-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02601-w","author":"L K\u00e4ver","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00e4ver, L. et al. Epigenetic alterations in patients with anorexia nervosa-a systematic review. Mol. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-024-02601-w (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.01.011","volume":"44","author":"S Ehrlich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehrlich, S. et al. Promoter specific DNA methylation and gene expression of POMC in acutely underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. J. Psychiatr. Res. 44, 827\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.01.011 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"12592_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301662","volume":"33","author":"H Frieling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frieling, H. et al. Epigenetic downregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide but not vasopressin mRNA expression in females with eating disorders is related to impulsivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2605\u20132609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1301662 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"12592_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001931","volume":"12","author":"H Frieling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frieling, H. et al. Global DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation of the alpha synuclein promoter in females with anorexia nervosa. Mol. Psychiatry 12, 229\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mp.4001931 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20745","volume":"43","author":"H Frieling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frieling, H. et al. Epigenetic dysregulation of dopaminergic genes in eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 43, 577\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20745 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"12592_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00197","volume":"10","author":"A Neyazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neyazi, A. et al. Association of leptin gene DNA methylation with diagnosis and treatment outcome of anorexia nervosa. Front. Psychiatry 10, 197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00197 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.190016","volume":"45","author":"I Boehm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boehm, I. et al. Peripheral serotonin transporter DNA methylation is linked to increased salience network connectivity in females with anorexia nervosa. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 45, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.190016 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"12592_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0366-8","volume":"24","author":"M Sild","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sild, M. & Booij, L. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4): A new player in anorexia nervosa?. Mol. Psychiatry 24, 1425\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0366-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000189","volume":"28","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subramanian, S., Braun, P. R., Han, S. & Potash, J. B. Investigation of differential HDAC4 methylation patterns in eating disorders. Psychiatr. Genet. 28, 12\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000189 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"12592_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2703","volume":"28","author":"L Thaler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thaler, L. et al. Methylation of the OXTR gene in women with anorexia nervosa: Relationship to social behavior. Eur. Eat Disord. Rev. 28, 79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2703 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Eat Disord. Rev."},{"key":"12592_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22374","volume":"48","author":"L Booij","year":"2015","unstructured":"Booij, L. et al. DNA methylation in individuals with anorexia nervosa and in matched normal-eater controls: A genome-wide study. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 48, 874\u2013882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22374 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"12592_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2016.1190033","volume":"19","author":"M Kesselmeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kesselmeier, M. et al. High-throughput DNA methylation analysis in anorexia nervosa confirms TNXB hypermethylation. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 19, 187\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2016.1190033 (2018).","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170242","volume":"44","author":"H Steiger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steiger, H. et al. A longitudinal, epigenome-wide study of DNA methylation in anorexia nervosa: Results in actively ill, partially weight-restored, long-term remitted and non-eating-disordered women. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 44, 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.170242 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"12592_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2022.2089731","volume":"24","author":"H Steiger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steiger, H. et al. DNA methylation in people with anorexia nervosa: Epigenome-wide patterns in actively ill, long-term remitted, and healthy-eater women. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 24, 254\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2022.2089731 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E85","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.240155","volume":"50","author":"H Steiger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steiger, H. et al. Elevated plasma B(12) and betaine levels in women with anorexia nervosa: Possible role in illness pathophysiology and epigenetic regulation. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 50, E85\u2013E91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.240155 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"12592_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-015-0011-y","volume":"8","author":"P Farre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farre, P. et al. Concordant and discordant DNA methylation signatures of aging in human blood and brain. Epigenet. Chromatin. 8, 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13072-015-0011-y (2015).","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin."},{"key":"12592_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05580-6","author":"N Loyfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loyfer, N. et al. A DNA methylation atlas of normal human cell types. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05580-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"12592_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"COvid-19 Multi-omics Blood ATlas Consortium. A blood atlas of COVID-19 defines hallmarks of disease severity and specificity. Cell, 185, 916\u2013e958 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.012"},{"key":"12592_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22856","volume":"28","author":"J Nowak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nowak, J., Borkowska, B. & Pawlowski, B. Leukocyte changes across menstruation, ovulation, and mid-luteal phase and association with sex hormone variation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28, 721\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.22856 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"12592_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.06.008","volume":"35","author":"SW Cole","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cole, S. W. Elevating the perspective on human stress genomics. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, 955\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.06.008 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"12592_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033653","volume":"69","author":"MJ Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones, M. J., Moore, S. R. & Kobor, M. S. Principles and challenges of applying epigenetic epidemiology to psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 69, 459\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033653 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"12592_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01776-y","volume":"12","author":"C Iranzo-Tatay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iranzo-Tatay, C. et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in anorexia nervosa discordant identical twins. Transl. Psychiatry 12, 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01776-y (2022).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01315-6","volume":"14","author":"B Horsthemke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horsthemke, B. A critical appraisal of clinical epigenetics. Clin. Epigenetics 14, 95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13148-022-01315-6 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"12592_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041361","volume":"7","author":"LE Reinius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reinius, L. E. et al. Differential DNA methylation in purified human blood cells: Implications for cell lineage and studies on disease susceptibility. PLoS ONE 7, e41361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041361 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"12592_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86","volume":"13","author":"EA Houseman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Houseman, E. A. et al. DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution. BMC Bioinf. 13, 86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-13-86 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"12592_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3152","volume":"12","author":"MJ Ziller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziller, M. J., Hansen, K. D., Meissner, A. & Aryee, M. J. Coverage recommendations for methylation analysis by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Nat. Methods 12, 230\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3152 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"12592_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-016-0079-z","volume":"9","author":"S Wallner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallner, S. et al. Epigenetic dynamics of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Epigenet. Chromatin 9, 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13072-016-0079-z (2016).","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"12592_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80693-4","volume":"11","author":"J Freff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freff, J. et al. Alterations in B cell subsets correlate with body composition parameters in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Sci. Rep. 11, 1125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-80693-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12592_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.015","volume":"46","author":"M F\u00f6cker","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00f6cker, M. et al. Comparison of metabolic profiles of acutely ill and short-term weight recovered patients with anorexia nervosa reveals alterations of 33 out of 163 metabolites. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 1600\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.015 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"12592_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11010007","volume":"11","author":"M F\u00f6cker","year":"2020","unstructured":"F\u00f6cker, M. et al. Evaluation of metabolic profiles of patients with anorexia nervosa at inpatient admission, short- and long-term weight regain-descriptive and pattern analysis. Metabolites 11, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11010007 (2020).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"12592_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12421","volume":"15","author":"L Christiansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christiansen, L. et al. DNA methylation age is associated with mortality in a longitudinal Danish twin study. Aging Cell 15, 149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acel.12421 (2016).","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"12592_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw132","volume":"45","author":"Q Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan, Q. et al. Epigenetic drift in the aging genome: A ten-year follow-up in an elderly twin cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 1146\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw132 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"12592_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101743","volume":"81","author":"R Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan, R., Fu, Q., Sun, Y. & Li, Q. Epigenetic clock: A promising biomarker and practical tool in aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 81, 101743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101743 (2022).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"12592_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.12.002","volume":"174","author":"F Ciccarone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ciccarone, F., Tagliatesta, S., Caiafa, P. & Zampieri, M. DNA methylation dynamics in aging: How far are we from understanding the mechanisms?. Mech. Ageing Dev. 174, 3\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mad.2017.12.002 (2018).","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"12592_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49064-7","volume":"13","author":"MR Refn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Refn, M. R. et al. Longitudinal changes and variation in human DNA methylation analysed with the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip assay and their implications on forensic age prediction. Sci. Rep. 13, 21658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49064-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12592_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652497","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.652497","volume":"12","author":"M Sellami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sellami, M., Bragazzi, N., Prince, M. S., Denham, J. & Elrayess, M. Regular, intense exercise training as a healthy aging lifestyle strategy: Preventing DNA damage, telomere shortening and adverse DNA methylation changes over a lifetime. Front. Genet. 12, 652497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2021.652497 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"12592_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0660-1","volume":"74","author":"CF Nicoletti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicoletti, C. F. et al. DNA methylation pattern changes following a short-term hypocaloric diet in women with obesity. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 1345\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-020-0660-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"12592_CR47","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edn. (American Psychiatric Publishing Inc, 1994).","edition":"4"},{"key":"12592_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman, J. et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 36, 980\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000357","volume":"30","author":"B Herpertz-Dahlmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. Treatment of eating disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. Curr. Opin .Psychiatry 30, 438\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000357 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin .Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 310, 2191\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"12592_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","volume":"16","author":"SA Miller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller, S. A., Dykes, D. D. & Polesky, H. F. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 16, 1215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215 (1988).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"12592_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmann, S. et al. Amplikyzer: Automated methylation analysis of amplicons from bisulfite flowgram sequencing. Report No. 2167\u20139843, (PeerJ PrePrints, 2013).","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.122v2"},{"key":"12592_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121979","author":"J Austermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Austermann, J., Roth, J. & Barczyk-Kahlert, K. The good and the bad: Monocytes\u2019 and Macrophages\u2019 Diverse Functions in Inflammation. Cells https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11121979 (2022).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"12592_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.024","volume":"88","author":"IAK Nilsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nilsson, I. A. K. et al. Aberrant inflammatory profile in acute but not recovered anorexia nervosa. Brain Behav. Immun. 88, 718\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.024 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"12592_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0550-2","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylome and transcriptome in peripheral blood monocytes for major depression: A Monozygotic Discordant Twin Study. Transl Psychiatry 9, 215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0550-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"12592_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74973-2","volume":"10","author":"R Biemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biemann, R. et al. Gene expression profile of CD14(+) blood monocytes following lifestyle-induced weight loss in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Sci. Rep. 10, 17855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-74973-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12592_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu125","volume":"6","author":"K Rademacher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rademacher, K. et al. Evolutionary origin and methylation status of human intronic CpG islands that are not present in mouse. Genome Biol. Evol. 6, 1579\u20131588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evu125 (2014).","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"12592_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22177-1","volume":"12","author":"E Hummel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hummel, E. et al. No evidence for intervention-associated DNA methylation changes in monocytes of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Sci. Rep. 12, 17347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-22177-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12592_CR59","unstructured":"Pedersen, B. S., Eyring, K., De, S., Yang, I. V. & Schwartz, D. A. Fast and accurate alignment of long bisulfite-seq reads. arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.1129 (2014)."},{"key":"12592_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","author":"P Danecek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. Gigascience https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008 (2021).","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"12592_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098","volume":"31","author":"A Tarasov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarasov, A., Vilella, A. J., Cuppen, E., Nijman, I. J. & Prins, P. Sambamba: Fast processing of NGS alignment formats. Bioinformatics 31, 2032\u20132034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv098 (2015).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"12592_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv566","volume":"32","author":"K Okonechnikov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okonechnikov, K., Conesa, A. & Garcia-Alcalde, F. Qualimap 2: Advanced multi-sample quality control for high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics 32, 292\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv566 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"12592_CR63","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, C. Bioinformatics from genetic variants to methylation PhD thesis, (2018)."},{"key":"12592_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.196394.115","volume":"26","author":"F Juhling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juhling, F. et al. metilene: Fast and sensitive calling of differentially methylated regions from bisulfite sequencing data. Genome Res. 26, 256\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.196394.115 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"12592_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/2786984.2786995","volume":"19","author":"G Varoquaux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Varoquaux, G. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine learning without learning the machinery. GetMobile Mobile Comput. Commun. 19, 29\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2786984.2786995 (2015).","journal-title":"GetMobile Mobile Comput. Commun."},{"key":"12592_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-017-0144-2","volume":"10","author":"C Schr\u00f6der","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, C. et al. Regions of common inter-individual DNA methylation differences in human monocytes: Genetic basis and potential function. Epigenet. Chromatin 10, 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13072-017-0144-2 (2017).","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12592-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12592-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12592-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1754547010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12592-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-12592-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"28870"}}