{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:55:54Z","timestamp":1787237754467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Science and ICT, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","award":["RS-2024-00509118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00509118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12671-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:52:22Z","timestamp":1753404742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combined exposure to three heavy metals and the risk of age-related macular degeneration in the Korean population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Soonsu","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hong","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"12671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","volume":"9","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinmetz, J. D. et al. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet Global Health. 9, e144\u2013e160 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"12671_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong, W. L. et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2, e106\u2013e116 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"12671_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8445-y","volume":"20","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Regional differences in the global burden of age-related macular degeneration. BMC Public. Health. 20, 1\u20139 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"12671_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02609-5","volume":"401","author":"RH Guymer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guymer, R. H. & Campbell, T. G. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 401, 1459\u20131472 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12671_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107718","volume":"186","author":"S Aberami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aberami, S. et al. Elemental concentrations in Choroid-RPE and retina of human eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 186, 107718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107718 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"12671_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.05.023","volume":"133","author":"EW Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, E. W., Schaumberg, D. A. & Park, S. K. Environmental cadmium and lead exposures and age-related macular degeneration in U.S. Adults: the National health and nutrition examination survey 2005 to 2008. Environ. Res. 133, 178\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.05.023 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"12671_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.07.001","volume":"148","author":"JC Erie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erie, J. C., Good, J. A. & Butz, J. A. Excess lead in the neural retina in age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 148, 890\u2013894 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"12671_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.05.020","volume":"144","author":"JC Erie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erie, J. C., Good, J. A., Butz, J. A., Hodge, D. O. & Pulido, J. S. Urinary cadmium and age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 144, 414\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.05.020 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"12671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.039","volume":"122","author":"SJ Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, S. J., Lee, J. H., Woo, S. J., Kang, S. W. & Park, K. H. Five heavy metallic elements and age-related macular degeneration: Korean National health and nutrition examination survey, 2008\u20132011. Ophthalmology 122, 129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.039 (2015).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"12671_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.75","volume":"26","author":"MH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, M. H., Zhao, D., Cho, J. & Guallar, E. Cadmium exposure and age-related macular degeneration. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 26, 214\u2013218 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"12671_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kushwah, N., Bora, K., Maurya, M., Pavlovich, M. C. & Chen, J. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in Age-Related macular degeneration. Antioxid. (Basel) 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12071379 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071379"},{"key":"12671_CR12","first-page":"645","volume":"18","author":"D Fox","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fox, D., Campbell, M. & Blocker, Y. Functional alterations and apoptotic cell death in the retina following developmental or adult lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 18, 645\u2013664 (1997).","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"12671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.05.011","volume":"89","author":"NM Kalariya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalariya, N. M., Wills, N. K., Ramana, K. V., Srivastava, S. K. & van Kuijk, F. J. Cadmium-induced apoptotic death of human retinal pigment epithelial cells is mediated by MAPK pathway. Exp. Eye Res. 89, 494\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2009.05.011 (2009).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"12671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165215","volume":"896","author":"S Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, S., Kang, B., Wang, R. & Yang, L. Methylmercury induces ectopic expression of complement components and apoptotic cell death in the retina of the zebrafish embryo. Sci. Total Environ. 896, 165215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165215 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"12671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78412-4","volume":"14","author":"X Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao, X. et al. Machine learning model for age-related macular degeneration based on heavy metals: the National health and nutrition examination survey 2005 to 2008. Sci. Rep. 14, 26913 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12671_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127573","volume":"87","author":"M Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei, M. et al. Associations between co-exposure to multiple heavy metals and age-related macular degeneration: A cross-sectional study. J. Trace Elem. Med Biol. 87, 127573 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med Biol."},{"key":"12671_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e9","volume":"33","author":"SY Eom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eom, S. Y. et al. Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure in the Korean general population. J. Korean Med. Sci. 33, e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e9 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"12671_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahn, J., Kim, N. S., Lee, B. K., Oh, I. & Kim, Y. Changes of atmospheric and blood concentrations of lead and cadmium in the general population of South Korea from 2008 to 2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16122096 (2019).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122096"},{"key":"12671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0107-y","volume":"3","author":"C Vacchi-Suzzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vacchi-Suzzi, C., Kruse, D., Harrington, J., Levine, K. & Meliker, J. R. Is urinary cadmium a biomarker of Long-term exposure in humans?? A review. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 3, 450\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-016-0107-y (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"12671_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52234-w","volume":"14","author":"K Wr\u00f3blewski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3blewski, K., Wojnicka, J., Tutka, P., Szmagara, A. & B\u0142a\u017cewicz, A. Measurements of cadmium levels in relation to tobacco dependence and as a function of cytisine administration. Sci. Rep. 14, 1883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52234-w (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"12671_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soisec.2024.100150","volume":"15","author":"H Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. Exposure sources, intake pathways and accumulation of lead in human blood. Soil. Secur. 15, 100150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soisec.2024.100150 (2024).","journal-title":"Soil. Secur."},{"key":"12671_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(77)90101-3","volume":"13","author":"S Tola","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tola, S. & Nordman, C. Smoking and blood lead concentrations in lead-exposed workers and an unexposed population. Environ. Res. 13, 250\u2013255 (1977).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"12671_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241054","volume":"15","author":"R Pamphlett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pamphlett, R. et al. The distribution of toxic metals in the human retina and optic nerve head: implications for age-related macular degeneration. PLOS ONE. 15, e0241054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241054 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"12671_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","volume":"85","author":"O Strauss","year":"2005","unstructured":"Strauss, O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol. Rev. 85, 845\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004 (2005).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"12671_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4","volume":"48","author":"J Ambati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ambati, J., Ambati, B. K., Yoo, S. H., Ianchulev, S. & Adamis, A. P. Age-Related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies. Surv. Ophthalmol. 48, 257\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4 (2003).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"12671_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.009","volume":"33","author":"SG Jarrett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarrett, S. G. & Boulton, M. E. Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration. Mol. Aspects Med. 33, 399\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.009 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"12671_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","volume":"12","author":"M Balali-Mood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R. & Sadeghi, M. Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 643972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"12671_CR28","first-page":"1037","volume":"13","author":"E Elmorsy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmorsy, E., Parrey, M. & AL GHAFARI, A. Lead-induced bioenergetics disruption and oxidative stress in the cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pak J. Med. Health Sci. 13, 1037\u20131041 (2020).","journal-title":"Pak J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"12671_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.06.088","volume":"46","author":"G Eriyamremu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eriyamremu, G., Ojimogho, S., Asagba, S. & Osagie, V. Palm oil induced changes in ocular tissue lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and ATPases of rabbits in cadmium toxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 3155\u20133158 (2008).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"12671_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114685","volume":"188","author":"M Aschner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aschner, M. et al. Retinal toxicity of heavy metals and its involvement in retinal pathology. Food Chem. Toxicol. 188, 114685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114685 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"12671_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415x.2015.1119378","volume":"20","author":"A Brasil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brasil, A. et al. Diet enriched with the Amazon fruit A\u00e7a\u00ed (Euterpe oleracea) prevents electrophysiological deficits and oxidative stress induced by methyl-mercury in the rat retina. Nutr. Neurosci. 20, 265\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415x.2015.1119378 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"12671_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.01.076","volume":"416","author":"JY Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang, J. Y. Methylmercury causes glial IL-6 release. Neurosci. Lett. 416, 217\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.01.076 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"12671_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.01.002","volume":"215","author":"JW Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, J. W. et al. Korea National survey for environmental pollutants in the human body 2008: heavy metals in the blood or urine of the Korean population. Int. J. Hyg. Environ Health. 215, 449\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2012.01.002 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ Health"},{"key":"12671_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1066","volume":"71","author":"CS Moon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moon, C. S. et al. Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among the general population in Korea. Environ. Res. 71, 46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/enrs.1995.1066 (1995).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"12671_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.09.034","volume":"62","author":"HK Chung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chung, H. K., Park, J. Y., Cho, Y. & Shin, M. J. Contribution of dietary patterns to blood heavy metal concentrations in Korean adults: findings from the fifth Korea National health and nutrition examination survey 2010. Food Chem. Toxicol. 62, 645\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.09.034 (2013).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"12671_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112467041","volume":"32","author":"NY Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, N. Y. et al. Effect of lifestyles on the blood mercury level in Korean adults. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 32, 591\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327112467041 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"12671_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.46.401","volume":"46","author":"QP Dinh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dinh, Q. P. et al. Mercury, cadmium, and lead in cigarettes from international markets: concentrations, distributions and absorption ability of filters. J. Toxicol. Sci. 46, 401\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2131\/jts.46.401 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"12671_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12110829","volume":"12","author":"S Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong, S. et al. The exposure status of environmental chemicals in South korea: the Korean National environmental health survey 2018\u20132020. Toxics 12, 829 (2024).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"12671_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100094","volume":"7","author":"MS Collin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collin, M. S. et al. Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. 7, 100094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hazadv.2022.100094 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"12671_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2012.45.6.344","volume":"45","author":"JD Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park, J. D. & Zheng, W. Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. J. Prev. Med. Public. Health. 45, 344\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.2012.45.6.344 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public. Health"},{"key":"12671_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500902730698","volume":"14","author":"Y Suwazono","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suwazono, Y. et al. Biological half-life of cadmium in the urine of inhabitants after cessation of cadmium exposure. Biomarkers 14, 77\u201381 (2009).","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"12671_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-37","volume":"11","author":"A Tsuchiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsuchiya, A. et al. Single blood-Hg samples can result in exposure misclassification: Temporal monitoring within the Japanese community (United States). Environ. Health. 11, 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069X-11-37 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"12671_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.014","volume":"220","author":"S Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, S., Shin, M., Hong, Y. C. & Kim, J. H. Temporal variability of blood lead, mercury, and cadmium levels in elderly panel study (2008\u20132014). Int. J. Hyg. Environ Health. 220, 407\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.014 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ Health"},{"key":"12671_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228","volume":"43","author":"S Kweon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kweon, S. et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyt228 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"12671_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.009","volume":"156","author":"NS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, N. S., Ahn, J., Lee, B. K., Park, J. & Kim, Y. Environmental exposures to lead, mercury, and cadmium among South Korean teenagers (KNHANES 2010\u20132013): body burden and risk factors. Environ. Res. 156, 468\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.009 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"12671_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.06.003","volume":"118","author":"Y Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, Y. & Lee, B. K. Associations of blood lead, cadmium, and mercury with estimated glomerular filtration rate in the Korean general population: analysis of 2008\u20132010 Korean National health and nutrition examination survey data. Environ. Res. 118, 124\u2013129 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"12671_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"047004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","volume":"128","author":"AP Keil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keil, A. P. et al. A Quantile-Based g-Computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ. Health Perspect. 128, 047004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP5838 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"12671_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058","volume":"16","author":"JF Bobb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bobb, J. F. et al. Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Biostatistics 16, 493\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058 (2015).","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"12671_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","volume":"101","author":"PB Tchounwou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K. & Sutton, D. J. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp. Suppl. 101, 133\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Suppl."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12671-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12671-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12671-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T22:32:32Z","timestamp":1757284352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-12671-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-12671-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27016"}}