{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:51:58Z","timestamp":1788648718785,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13208-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T18:43:16Z","timestamp":1754332996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uric acid mediates the association of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein with gallstones in adult women in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"13208_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24","volume":"2","author":"F Lammert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lammert, F. et al. Gallstones. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2, 16024 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"13208_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.051","volume":"22","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Global epidemiology of gallstones in the 21st century: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 1586\u20131595 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"13208_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172","volume":"6","author":"LM Stinton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stinton, L. M. & Shaffer, E. A. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 6, 172\u2013187 (2012).","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"13208_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70456-7","volume":"117","author":"JE Everhart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Everhart, J. E., Khare, M., Hill, M. & Maurer, K. R. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the united States. Gastroenterology 117, 632\u2013639 (1999).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"13208_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6556","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006556","volume":"96","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wang, Y., Xu, J. & Chen, Y. Is the oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy a risk factor for cholelithiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med. (Baltim). 96, e6556 (2017).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"13208_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. Factors Influencing Gallstone Formation: A Review of the Literature. Biomolecules 12, (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040550"},{"key":"13208_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300401","volume":"30","author":"D Festi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Festi, D. et al. Clinical manifestations of gallstone disease: evidence from the multicenter Italian study on cholelithiasis (MICOL). Hepatology 30, 839\u2013846 (1999).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"13208_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21683","volume":"118","author":"G Randi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Randi, G., Franceschi, S. & La Vecchia, C. Gallbladder cancer worldwide: geographical distribution and risk factors. Int. J. Cancer. 118, 1591\u20131602 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"13208_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.038","volume":"136","author":"JE Everhart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Everhart, J. E. & Ruhl, C. E. Burden of digestive diseases in the united States part III: liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Gastroenterology 136, 1134\u20131144 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"13208_CR10","first-page":"CD012608","volume":"2","author":"AM Madden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madden, A. M., Smeeton, N. C., Culkin, A. & Trivedi, D. Modified dietary fat intake for treatment of gallstone disease in people of any age. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD012608 (2024).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"13208_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01867-0","volume":"12","author":"A Arora","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arora, A. et al. Genome-Wide association study of gallstone disease identifies novel candidate genomic variants in a Latino community of Southwest USA. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities. 12, 234\u2013240 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"13208_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.06.014","volume":"167","author":"S Kothari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kothari, S., Afshar, Y., Friedman, L. S. & Ahn, J. AGA clinical practice update on Pregnancy-Related Gastrointestinal and liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology 167, 1033\u20131045 (2024).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"13208_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5936","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i39.5936","volume":"25","author":"DD You","year":"2019","unstructured":"You, D. D. et al. Superior gallstone dissolubility and safety of tert-amyl Ethyl ether over methyl-tertiary Butyl ether. World J. Gastroenterol. 25, 5936\u20135952 (2019).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"13208_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83300-2","volume":"11","author":"SS Jackson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackson, S. S. et al. Inflammatory profiles in Chilean Mapuche and non-Mapuche women with gallstones at risk of developing gallbladder cancer. Sci. Rep. 11, 3686 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"13208_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speelman, T., Dale, L., Louw, A. & Verhoog, N. J. D. The Association of Acute Phase Proteins in Stress and Inflammation-Induced T2D. Cells 11, (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142163"},{"key":"13208_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686251","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.686251","volume":"12","author":"M Ruiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz, M. Into the labyrinth of the Lipocalin \u03b11-Acid glycoprotein. Front. Physiol. 12, 686251 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"13208_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199911000-00019","volume":"10","author":"CT Thijs","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thijs, C. T., Groen, A. K., Hovens, M. & Mok, K. S. Risk of gallstone disease is associated with serum level of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Epidemiology 10, 764\u2013766 (1999).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"13208_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02212703","volume":"40","author":"H Nuutinen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nuutinen, H. et al. Biliary alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in gallstone-free controls and in patients with multiple or solitary cholesterol gallstones. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40, 1786\u20131791 (1995).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"13208_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02065520","volume":"40","author":"H Nuutinen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nuutinen, H. et al. Correlation between biliary alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and cholesterol crystal nucleation time in gallstone disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40, 1174\u20131178 (1995).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"13208_CR20","first-page":"626","volume":"20","author":"MA de Bruijn","year":"1994","unstructured":"de Bruijn, M. A., Mok, K. S., Out, T., Tytgat, G. N. & Groen, A. K. Immunoglobulins and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein do not contribute to the cholesterol crystallization-promoting effect of Concanavalin A-binding biliary protein. Hepatology 20, 626\u2013632 (1994).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"13208_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21550","volume":"33","author":"JF Miquel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miquel, J. F., Van Der Putten, J., Pimentel, F., Mok, K. S. & Groen, A. K. Increased activity in the biliary Con A-binding fraction accounts for the difference in crystallization behavior in bile from Chilean gallstone patients compared with Dutch gallstone patients. Hepatology 33, 328\u2013332 (2001).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"13208_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09020313","volume":"9","author":"P Hrycaj","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hrycaj, P., Wurm, K., Mennet, P. & M\u00fcller, W. Microheterogeneity of acute-phase glycoproteins in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir J. 9, 313\u2013318 (1996).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir J."},{"key":"13208_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(87)90021-0","volume":"163","author":"A Mackiewicz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mackiewicz, A., Paw\u0142owski, T., Mackiewicz-Paw\u0142owska, A., Wiktorowicz, K. & Mackiewicz, S. Microheterogeneity forms of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein as indicators of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Clin. Chim. Acta. 163, 185\u2013190 (1987).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"13208_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisiewicz, M. K. et al. Tracking of glycans structure and metallomics profiles in BRAF mutated melanoma cells treated with Vemurafenib. Int J. Mol. Sci 22, (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010439"},{"key":"13208_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.11.6858","volume":"78","author":"BN Ames","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ames, B. N., Cathcart, R., Schwiers, E. & Hochstein, P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 78, 6858\u20136862 (1981).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"13208_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicero, A. F. G. et al. Purine metabolism dysfunctions: experimental methods of detection and diagnostic potential. Int J. Mol. Sci 24, (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087027"},{"key":"13208_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01916-y","volume":"9","author":"L Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du, L. et al. Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 9, 212 (2024).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"13208_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.12.009","volume":"71","author":"RJ Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson, R. J. et al. Hyperuricemia, acute and chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: report of a scientific workshop organized by the National kidney foundation. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 71, 851\u2013865 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"13208_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010640","volume":"17","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Eligibility for cardiovascular risk reduction therapy in the united States based on SELECT trial criteria: insights from the National health and nutrition examination survey. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes. 17, e010640 (2024).","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"13208_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02223-9","volume":"23","author":"S Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. The association between fat distribution and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein levels among adult females in the united States. Lipids Health Dis. 23, 235 (2024).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"13208_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497068","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1497068","volume":"15","author":"C Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, C. et al. Association between complete blood cell count-derived inflammatory biomarkers and gallstones prevalence in American adults under 60 years of age. Front. Immunol. 15, 1497068 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"13208_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02349-w","volume":"23","author":"D Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, D., Ma, H., Li, Y. & Yang, L. Association between Neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio and gallstones: insights from the National health and nutrition examination survey (2017\u20132020). Lipids Health Dis. 23, 355 (2024).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"13208_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren, S. & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J. Stat. Soft. 45, 1\u201367 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft"},{"key":"13208_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","volume":"59","author":"D Tingley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L. & Imai, K. Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. J. Stat. Soft. 59, 1\u201338 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft"},{"key":"13208_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487974","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1487974","volume":"12","author":"G Lv","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lv, G. et al. High serum uric acid levels are associated with increased prevalence of gallstones in adult women: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 12, 1487974 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"13208_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.953165","volume":"13","author":"L Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, L., Peng, J. & Mineo, C. Lipoprotein sialylation in atherosclerosis: lessons from mice. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 13, 953165 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"13208_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506477","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1506477","volume":"11","author":"B Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, B. et al. Positive association between advanced lung cancer inflammation index and gallstones, with greater impact on women: a cross-sectional study of the NHANES database. Front. Nutr. 11, 1506477 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"13208_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01527-4","volume":"20","author":"Y Xiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiang, Y. et al. Free fatty acids and triglyceride change in the gallbladder bile of gallstone patients with pancreaticobiliary reflux. Lipids Health Dis. 20, 97 (2021).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"13208_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14265","volume":"33","author":"Z Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Association of Circulating inflammation proteins and gallstone disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 33, 1920\u20131924 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"13208_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","volume":"112","author":"H Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1821\u20131830 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"13208_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.363","volume":"105","author":"FM Shebl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shebl, F. M. et al. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in relation to biliary tract cancer and stone risks: a population-based study in shanghai, China. Br. J. Cancer. 105, 1424\u20131429 (2011).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"13208_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.3.657","volume":"177","author":"TW De Graaf","year":"1993","unstructured":"De Graaf, T. W., Van der Stelt, M. E., Anbergen, M. G. & van Dijk, W. Inflammation-induced expression of Sialyl Lewis X-containing glycan structures on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) in human Sera. J. Exp. Med. 177, 657\u2013666 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"13208_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa056","volume":"111","author":"S Palaniswamy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palaniswamy, S. et al. Could vitamin D reduce obesity-associated inflammation? Observational and Mendelian randomization study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 111, 1036\u20131047 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"13208_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156277","volume":"11","author":"S Yazawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yazawa, S. et al. Fucosylated glycans in \u03b11-Acid glycoprotein for monitoring treatment outcomes and prognosis of cancer patients. PLoS One. 11, e0156277 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13208_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608466","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.608466","volume":"11","author":"T \u010caval","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u010caval, T. et al. Glycoproteoform profiles of individual patients\u2019 plasma Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin are unique and extensively remodeled following a septic episode. Front. Immunol. 11, 608466 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"13208_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181100","volume":"12","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanaka, T. et al. A double blind placebo controlled randomized trial of the effect of acute uric acid changes on inflammatory markers in humans: A pilot study. PLoS One. 12, e0181100 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13208_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.07.001","volume":"62","author":"AR Aroor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aroor, A. R., McKarns, S., Demarco, V. G., Jia, G. & Sowers, J. R. Maladaptive immune and inflammatory pathways lead to cardiovascular insulin resistance. Metabolism 62, 1543\u20131552 (2013).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"13208_CR48","first-page":"35","volume":"88","author":"VV Klimontov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klimontov, V. V. et al. [Acute-phase serum proteins and adipocytokines in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationships with body composition and blood glucose fluctuations]. Ter. Arkh. 88, 35\u201341 (2016).","journal-title":"Ter. Arkh."},{"key":"13208_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40608-017-0148-2","volume":"4","author":"R Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, R., Verma, A., Aljabari, S. & Vasylyeva, T. L. Urinary biomarkers as indicator of chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in obese adolescents. BMC Obes. 4, 11 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Obes."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13208-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13208-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13208-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T14:27:45Z","timestamp":1757341665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13208-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-13208-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.\u00a0","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The NHANES data utilised in this study is available to the public.The study does not require ethical approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"28354"}}