{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T20:27:07Z","timestamp":1757622427418,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54","0029\/RS4\/2016\/54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13209-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T16:52:03Z","timestamp":1754585523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A preliminary study of lipid complex supplementation on fatty acid profile and blood antioxidant status after downhill running in athletes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"\u0141akomy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"\u017bebrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Rozpara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sadowska-Kr\u0119pa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"13209_CR1","first-page":"867","volume":"94","author":"M Khodaee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khodaee, M., Spittler, J., VanBaak, K., Changstrom, B. G. & Hill, J. C. Effects of running an ultramarathon on cardiac, hematologic, and metabolic biomarkers. Int. J. Sports Med. 94, 867\u2013871 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"13209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0073-z","volume":"12","author":"TD Mickleborough","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mickleborough, T. D., Sinex, J. A., Platt, D., Chapman, R. F. & Hirt, M. The effects PCSO-524\u00ae, a patented marine oil lipid and omega-3 PUFA blend derived from the new Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammation after muscle damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 12, 10 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","volume":"88","author":"SK Powers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powers, S. K. & Jackson, M. J. Exercise-Induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol. Rev. 88, 1243\u20131276 (2008).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"13209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.08.004","volume":"27","author":"MD Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman, M. D. Injuries and health considerations in ultramarathon runners. Phys. Med. Rehabil Clin. 27, 203\u2013216 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil Clin."},{"key":"13209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001","volume":"44","author":"M-C Gomez-Cabrera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gomez-Cabrera, M-C., Domenech, E. & Vi\u00f1a, J. Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol. Med. 44, 126\u2013131 (2008).","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002780","volume":"34","author":"D Michalickova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michalickova, D. et al. Changes in parameters of oxidative stress, immunity, and behavior in endurance athletes during a Preparation period in winter. J. Strength. Cond Res. 34, 2965 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"13209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/life14080921","volume":"14","author":"S Stojiljkovi\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stojiljkovi\u0107, S. et al. Effects of endurance training on antioxidant and hormonal status in peripheral blood of young healthy men. Life 14, 921 (2024).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"13209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002","volume":"4","author":"H Sies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sies, H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol. 4, 180\u2013183 (2015).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"13209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0093","volume":"41","author":"DJ Ramos-Campo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramos-Campo, D. J. et al. Muscle damage, physiological changes, and energy balance in ultra-endurance mountain-event athletes. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41, 872\u2013878 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"13209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636040-00004","volume":"36","author":"J Finaud","year":"2006","unstructured":"Finaud, J., Lac, G. & Filaire, E. Oxidative stress. Sports Med. 36, 327\u2013358 (2006).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"13209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141780","volume":"10","author":"S Mrakic-Sposta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mrakic-Sposta, S. et al. Effects of mountain Ultra-Marathon running on ROS production and oxidative damage by Micro-Invasive analytic techniques. PLoS One. 10, e0141780 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192392","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192392","volume":"13","author":"S Benedetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benedetti, S. et al. Impact of the 24-h ultramarathon race on homocysteine, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and paraoxonase 1 levels in professional runners. PLoS One. 13, e0192392 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"13209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199708000-00008","volume":"29","author":"DA Leaf","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leaf, D. A., Kleinman, M. T., Hamilton, M. & Barstow, T. J. The effect of exercise intensity on lipid peroxidation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29, 1036\u20131039 (1997).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"13209_CR14","first-page":"14","volume":"35","author":"AL Spirlandeli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spirlandeli, A. L., Deminice, R. & Jordao, A. A. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker of lipid peroxidation: effects of acute exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 35, 14\u201318 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"13209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12648","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12648","volume":"3","author":"NV Margaritelis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Margaritelis, N. V. et al. Muscle damage and inflammation after eccentric exercise: can the repeated bout effect be removed? Physiol. Rep. 3, e12648 (2015).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"13209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-1012-2","volume":"91","author":"GL Close","year":"2004","unstructured":"Close, G. L., Ashton, T., Cable, T., Doran, D. & MacLaren, D. P. M. Eccentric exercise, isokinetic muscle torque and delayed onset muscle soreness: the role of reactive oxygen species. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 615\u2013621 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000048861.57899.04","volume":"35","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35, 348 (2003).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"13209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050401","volume":"9","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suzuki, K., Tominaga, T., Ruhee, R. T. & Ma, S. Characterization and modulation of systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise in relation to oxidative stress. Antioxidants 9, 401 (2020).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"13209_CR19","unstructured":"Sugama, K. et al. Changes of thioredoxin, oxidative stress markers, inflammation and muscle\/renal damage following intensive endurance exercise. ;21, 130  (2015)."},{"key":"13209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0296-4","volume":"98","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an ironman triathlon race. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 525\u2013534 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR21","first-page":"13","volume":"7","author":"MD Alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves, M. D. et al. Changes in cytokines concentration following Long-Distance running: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Physiol. 7, 13 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00501-1","volume":"22","author":"L Floh\u00e9","year":"1997","unstructured":"Floh\u00e9, L., Brigelius-Floh\u00e9, R., Saliou, C., Traber, M. G. & Packer, L. Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation. Free Radic Biol. Med. 22, 1115\u20131126 (1997).","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-012-0154-2","volume":"68","author":"I Bondia-Pons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bondia-Pons, I., Ryan, L. & Martinez, J. A. Oxidative stress and inflammation interactions in human obesity. J. Physiol. Biochem. 68, 701\u2013711 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"13209_CR24","first-page":"871","volume":"12","author":"Y-P Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li, Y-P., Schwartz, R. J., Waddell, I. D., Holloway, B. R. & Reid, M. B. Skeletal muscle myocytes undergo protein loss and reactive oxygen-mediated NF-\u03baB activation in response to tumor necrosis factor\u03b1. FASEB J. 12, 871\u2013880 (1998).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"13209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500405778","volume":"40","author":"J Vina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vina, J., Borras, C., Gomez-Cabrera, M-C. & Orr, W. C. Part of the series: from dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signalling and gene expressionrole of reactive oxygen species and (phyto)oestrogens in the modulation of adaptive response to stress: review. Free Radic Res. 40, 111\u2013119 (2006).","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"13209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20112019","volume":"444","author":"CO Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown, C. O. et al. Interleukin-6 counteracts therapy-induced cellular oxidative stress in multiple myeloma by up-regulating manganese superoxide dismutase. Biochem. J. 444, 515\u2013527 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"13209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.9317","volume":"97","author":"KE Bethin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bethin, K. E., Vogt, S. K. & Muglia, L. J. Interleukin-6 is an essential, corticotropin-releasing hormone-independent stimulator of the adrenal axis during immune system activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, 9317\u20139322 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"13209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206735","volume":"82","author":"KA Gauss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gauss, K. A. et al. Role of NF-kappaB in transcriptional regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 729\u2013741 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"13209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladik, M., Valenta, H., Erard, M., Vandenabeele, P. & Riquet, F. B. From TNF-induced signaling to NADPH oxidase enzyme activity: methods to investigate protein complexes involved in regulated cell death modalities. Front. Cell. Death 2  (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fceld.2023.1127330"},{"key":"13209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.02.048","volume":"43","author":"X-P Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang, X-P. et al. Interleukin-6 plays a crucial role in the hepatic expression of SOCS3 during acute inflammatory processes in vivo. J. Hepatol. 43, 704\u2013710 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"13209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004","volume":"98","author":"AMW Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen, A. M. W. & Pedersen, B. K. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 1154\u20131162 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00961.2001","volume":"92","author":"DC Nieman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nieman, D. C. et al. Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes after an ultramarathon. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 1970\u20131977 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1183808","volume":"35","author":"MD Hoffman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoffman, M. D., Badowski, N., Chin, J., Stuempfle, K. J. & Parise, C. A. Determinants of recovery from a 161-km ultramarathon. J. Sports Sci. 35, 669\u2013677 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"13209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0810-3516","volume":"33","author":"R Heiss","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heiss, R. et al. Advances in Delayed-Onset muscle soreness (DOMS) \u2013 Part II: treatment and prevention. Sportverletz \u00b7 Sportschaden. 33, 21\u201329 (2019).","journal-title":"Sportverletz \u00b7 Sportschaden"},{"key":"13209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040871","volume":"15","author":"S Jannas-Vela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jannas-Vela, S. et al. The role of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their lipid mediators on skeletal muscle regeneration: A narrative review. Nutrients 15, 871 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"13209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104462","volume":"149","author":"J Heshmati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heshmati, J. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacol. Res. 149, 104462 (2019).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"13209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.949310","volume":"15","author":"A \u017bebrowska","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u017bebrowska, A., Mizia-Stec, K., Mizia, M., G\u0105sior, Z. & Poprz\u0119cki, S. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 15, 305\u2013314 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"13209_CR38","first-page":"230","volume":"6","author":"AP Simopoulos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simopoulos, A. P. Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 6, 230\u2013236 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"13209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.12.003","volume":"39\u201340","author":"M Abdulrazaq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdulrazaq, M., Innes, J. K. & Calder, P. C. Effect of \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on arthritic pain: A systematic review. Nutrition 39\u201340, 57\u201366 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"13209_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.05.004","volume":"39","author":"M Sepidarkish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sepidarkish, M. et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid plus vitamin E Co-Supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Nutr. 39, 1019\u20131025 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000291","volume":"69","author":"M Taccone-Gallucci","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taccone-Gallucci, M. et al. N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 69, 1450\u20131454 (2006).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"13209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307121","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep030","volume":"2011","author":"SA Doggrell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doggrell, S. A. Lyprinol\u2014Is it a useful Anti-Inflammatory agent?? Evid-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM. 2011, 307121 (2011).","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"13209_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-002-0937-8","volume":"37","author":"KJ Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy, K. J. et al. FA, and sterol composition of new Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and Tasmanian blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Lipids 37, 587\u2013595 (2002).","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"13209_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2006.11.001","volume":"146","author":"S McPhee","year":"2007","unstructured":"McPhee, S. et al. Anti-cyclooxygenase effects of lipid extracts from the new Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 146, 346\u2013356 (2007).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"13209_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2007.04.004","volume":"147","author":"AP Treschow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Treschow, A. P. et al. Novel anti-inflammatory \u03c9-3 PUFAs from the new Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 147, 645\u2013656 (2007).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"13209_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-1","volume":"6","author":"S Mani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mani, S. & Lawson, J. W. In vitro modulation of inflammatory cytokine and IgG levels by extracts of Perna canaliculus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6, 1 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR47","first-page":"882","volume":"61","author":"E Beutler","year":"1963","unstructured":"Beutler, E., Duron, O. & Kelly, B. M. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 882\u2013888 (1963).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR48","first-page":"158","volume":"70","author":"DE Paglia","year":"1967","unstructured":"Paglia, D. E. & Valentine, W. N. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158\u2013169 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","volume":"105","author":"H Aebi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aebi, H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 105, 121\u2013126 (1984).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"13209_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buege, J. A. & Aust, S. D. in Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation. 302\u2013310 (eds Fleischer, S. & Packer, L.) (Methods Enzymol Academic, 1978).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6"},{"key":"13209_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0075-7535(08)70041-X","volume":"22","author":"CA Rice-Evans","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rice-Evans, C. A., Diplock, A. T. & Symons, M. R. Techniques in free radical research. Tech. Free Radic Res. 22, 1\u2013278 (1991).","journal-title":"Tech. Free Radic Res."},{"key":"13209_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","volume":"39","author":"WS Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harris, W. S. & Von Schacky, C. The Omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev. Med. 39, 212\u2013220 (2004).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.4.1076","volume":"83","author":"S Sorichter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sorichter, S. et al. Skeletal troponin I as a marker of exercise-induced muscle damage. J. Appl. Physiol. 83, 1076\u20131082 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.29.2.89","volume":"29","author":"RG Eston","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eston, R. G., Mickleborough, J. & Baltzopoulos, V. Eccentric activation and muscle damage: Biomechanical and physiological considerations during downhill running. Br. J. Sports Med. 29, 89\u201394 (1995).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"13209_CR55","unstructured":"Bartz, A. & Bartz, A. E. Basic statistical concepts (4th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.  (1999)."},{"key":"13209_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450999287X","volume":"103","author":"A Boss","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boss, A., Lecoultre, V., Ruffieux, C., Tappy, L. & Schneiter, P. Combined effects of endurance training and dietary unsaturated fatty acids on physical performance, fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity. Br. J. Nutr. 103, 1151\u20131159 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0279-6","volume":"16","author":"L Esquius","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esquius, L., Garcia-Retortillo, S., Balagu\u00e9, N., Hristovski, R. & Javierre, C. Physiological- and performance-related effects of acute Olive oil supplementation at moderate exercise intensity. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 16, 12 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00758A","volume":"7","author":"X Cap\u00f3","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cap\u00f3, X. et al. Effects of dietary almond- and Olive oil-based docosahexaenoic acid- and vitamin E-enriched beverage supplementation on athletic performance and oxidative stress markers. Food Funct. 7, 4920\u20134934 (2016).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"13209_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601934","volume":"58","author":"J Dyerberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dyerberg, J. et al. Effects of trans- and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy males. An 8 weeks dietary intervention study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 1062\u20131070 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.08.019","volume":"46","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Jacome-Sosa, M. M. & Proctor, S. D. The role of ruminant trans fat as a potential nutraceutical in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Food Res. Int. 46, 460\u2013468 (2012).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"13209_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071044","volume":"10","author":"M Bucciantini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bucciantini, M., Leri, M., Nardiello, P., Casamenti, F. & Stefani, M. Olive polyphenols: antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory properties. Antioxidants 10, 1044 (2021).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"13209_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110559","volume":"69","author":"J Fernandes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandes, J. et al. Is Olive oil good for you? A systematic review and meta-analysis on anti-inflammatory benefits from regular dietary intake. Nutrition 69, 110559 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"13209_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-8-36","volume":"8","author":"RJ Bloomer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bloomer, R. J., Larson, D. E., Fisher-Wellman, K. H., Galpin, A. J. & Schilling, B. K. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study. Lipids Health Dis. 8, 36 (2009).","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"13209_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00229F","volume":"5","author":"M Martorell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martorell, M. et al. Effect of DHA on plasma fatty acid availability and oxidative stress during training season and football exercise. Food Funct. 5, 1920\u20131931 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"13209_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00405-1","volume":"18","author":"Y Kyriakidou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyriakidou, Y., Wood, C., Ferrier, C., Dolci, A. & Elliott, B. The effect of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 18, 9 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00391-4","volume":"17","author":"D Buonocore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonocore, D. et al. Effect of 8-week n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in middle- and long-distance running athletes: a pilot study. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 17, 55 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.04.011","volume":"99","author":"M Delfan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delfan, M. et al. The Immunomodulatory effects of fish-oil supplementation in elite paddlers: A pilot randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids. 99, 35\u201340 (2015).","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"13209_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31819b51b3","volume":"19","author":"B Tartibian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H. & Abbasi, A. The effects of ingestion of Omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clin. J. Sport Med. 19, 115\u2013119 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"13209_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000617","volume":"28","author":"FM DiLorenzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"DiLorenzo, F. M., Drager, C. J. & Rankin, J. W. Docosahexaenoic acid affects markers of inflammation and muscle damage after eccentric exercise. J. Strength. Cond Res. 28, 2768\u20132774 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond Res."},{"key":"13209_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-9-2","volume":"9","author":"D Houghton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Houghton, D. & Onambele, G. L. Can a standard dose of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation reduce the symptoms of delayed onset of muscle soreness? J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 9, 2 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"13209_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3373-3","volume":"116","author":"Y Tsuchiya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuchiya, Y., Yanagimoto, K., Nakazato, K., Hayamizu, K. & Ochi, E. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 1179\u20131188 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200210000-00012","volume":"34","author":"J Lenn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lenn, J. et al. The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 1605\u20131613 (2002).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"13209_CR73","first-page":"15","volume":"39","author":"R Ghiasvand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghiasvand, R. et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and vitamin E on the blood levels of inflammatory markers, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in Iranian basketball players. Iran. J. Public. Health. 39, 15\u201321 (2010).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"13209_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00200-6","volume":"333","author":"A Pastore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pastore, A., Federici, G., Bertini, E. & Piemonte, F. Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clin. Chim. Acta. 333, 19\u201339 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"13209_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/736837","volume":"2012","author":"VI Lushchak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lushchak, V. I. Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. J. Amino Acids. 2012, 1\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Amino Acids"},{"key":"13209_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v7i6.15245","volume":"7","author":"IJ Ebele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ebele, I. J. et al. Oxidative stress\/lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in apparently healthy individuals involved in physical exercise. Asian J. Med. Sci. 7, 16\u201319 (2016).","journal-title":"Asian J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"13209_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.072","volume":"338","author":"E Niki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niki, E., Yoshida, Y., Saito, Y. & Noguchi, N. Lipid peroxidation: mechanisms, inhibition, and biological effects. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338, 668\u2013676 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"13209_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u0142yniuk, B. et al. Malondialdehyde (MDA) \u2013 product of lipid peroxidation as marker of homeostasis disorders and aging. Ann. Acad. Medicae Silesiensis 224\u2013228. (2016).","DOI":"10.18794\/aams\/65697"},{"key":"13209_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.20.6.496","volume":"20","author":"E Filaire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Filaire, E. et al. Effect of 6 weeks of n-3 Fatty-Acid supplementation on oxidative stress in judo athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 20, 496\u2013506 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"13209_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0081","volume":"24","author":"P Gray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gray, P., Chappell, A., Jenkinson, A. M., Thies, F. & Gray, S. R. Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 24, 206\u2013214 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"13209_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5918-8-1","volume":"8","author":"K Fisher-Wellman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fisher-Wellman, K. & Bloomer, R. J. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dyn. Med. 8, 1 (2009).","journal-title":"Dyn. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lira, F. S. et al. Short-term high- and moderate-intensity training modifies inflammatory and metabolic factors in response to acute exercise. Front. Physiol. 8,  (2017).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00856"},{"key":"13209_CR83","first-page":"39","volume":"20","author":"K Kanda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanda, K., Sugama, K., Sakuma, J., Kawakami, Y. & Suzuki, K. Evaluation of serum leaking enzymes and investigation into new biomarkers for exercise-induced muscle damage. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 20, 39\u201354 (2014).","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"13209_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.3.1213","volume":"81","author":"K Suzuki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. et al. Capacity of Circulating neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species after exhaustive exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 1213\u20131222 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"13209_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2011.08.004","volume":"19","author":"KL Pumpa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pumpa, K. L., Fallon, K. E., Bensoussan, A. & Papalia, S. The effects of Lyprinol\u00ae on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in well trained athletes: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Med. 19, 311\u2013318 (2011).","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"13209_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.140179","volume":"10","author":"J Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, J. & Lee, J. A review of nutritional intervention on delayed onset muscle soreness. Part I. J. Exerc. Rehabil. 10, 349\u2013356 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil"},{"key":"13209_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.05.011","volume":"81","author":"PM Kris-Etherton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kris-Etherton, P. M., Grieger, J. A. & Etherton, T. D. Dietary reference intakes for DHA and EPA. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids. 81, 99\u2013104 (2009).","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"13209_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123712","volume":"12","author":"F Thielecke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thielecke, F. & Blannin, A. Omega-3 fatty acids for sport performance\u2014Are they equally beneficial for athletes and amateurs?? A narrative review. Nutrients 12, 3712 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13209-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13209-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13209-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T20:00:58Z","timestamp":1757361658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13209-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-13209-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"28952"}}