{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:43:35Z","timestamp":1757619815915,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science","award":["20BYY096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BYY096"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13308-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T04:52:48Z","timestamp":1753591968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary study on the neural mechanisms of four tone recognition in deaf children using fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"13308_CR1","first-page":"195","volume":"10","author":"AD Patel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patel, A. D. & Iversen, J. R. The linguistic benefits of musical abilities. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10(4), 195\u2013201 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"13308_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80031-X","volume":"5","author":"D Le Bihan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Le Bihan, D. & Karni, A. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging to the study of human brain function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5(2), 231\u2013237 (1995).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"13308_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.010","volume":"12","author":"M MacSweeney","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacSweeney, M., Capek, C. M., Campbell, R. & Woll, B. The signing brain: the neurobiology of sign Language. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12(11), 432\u2013440 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"13308_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2015.08.003","volume":"37","author":"VPY Kwok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kwok, V. P. Y., Guo, D., Yakpo, K., Matthews, S. & Li, H. T. Neural systems for auditory perception of lexical tones. J. Neurolinguistics. 37, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"13308_CR5","first-page":"27","volume":"194","author":"VPY Kwok","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwok, V. P. Y., Matthews, S., Yakpo, K. & Tan, L. H. Neural correlates and functional connectivity of lexical tone processing in reading. Brain Lang. 194, 27\u201336 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"13308_CR6","first-page":"137","volume":"158","author":"VPY Kwok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwok, V. P. Y. et al. A meta-analytic study of the neural system for auditory processing of lexical tones. NeuroImage 158, 137\u2013146 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7","key":"13308_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24916","volume":"41","author":"PJ Chien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chien, P. J., Friederici, A. D., Hartwigsen, G. & Sammler, D. Neural correlates of intonation and lexical tone in tonal and non-tonal Language speakers. Hum. Brain. Mapp. 41(7), 1842\u20131858 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain. Mapp."},{"key":"13308_CR8","first-page":"512","volume":"11","author":"XP Si","year":"2017","unstructured":"Si, X. P., Zhou, W. J. & Hong, B. Cooperative cortical network for categorical processing of Chinese lexical tone. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 512 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"13308_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083126","volume":"9","author":"HC Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, H. C., Lee, H. J., Tzeng, O. J. L. & Kuo, W. J. Implicit target substitution and sequencing for lexical tone production in chinese: an fMRI study. PLOS ONE. 9(1), e83126 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR10","first-page":"671","volume":"42","author":"P Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, P. et al. Longer cochlear implant experience leads to better production of Mandarin tones for early implanted children. Ear Hear. 42(3), 671\u2013680 (2021).","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"issue":"12","key":"13308_CR11","first-page":"925","volume":"57","author":"LL Yi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yi, L. L., Yi, H. L., Hui, M. Y., Yeou, J. C. & Jiunn, L. W. Tone production and perception and intelligibility of produced speech in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implanted children. Int. J. Audiol. 57(12), 925\u2013933 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"issue":"S2","key":"13308_CR12","first-page":"S23","volume":"56","author":"L Gang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gang, L., Sigfrid, D. S. & Yun, Z. Tone perception in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants. Int. J. Audiol. 56(S2), S23\u2013S30 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030303","volume":"3","author":"KJ Friston","year":"1995","unstructured":"Friston, K. J. et al. J. Spatial registration and normalization of images. Hum. Brain. Mapp. 3(3), 165\u2013189 (1995).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain. Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"13308_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(98)00091-0","volume":"32","author":"C Studholme","year":"1999","unstructured":"Studholme, C., Hill, D. L. G. & Hawkes, D. J. An overlap invariant entropy measure of 3D medical image alignment. Pattern Recogn. 32(1), 71\u201386 (1999).","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","volume":"26","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ashburner, J. & Friston, K. J. Unified Segmentation NeuroImage, 26(3), 839\u2013851 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Unified Segmentation NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"13308_CR16","first-page":"45","volume":"23","author":"M Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, M. & Qiang, L. An fMRI study of the neural mechanisms of second and third tone recognition in deaf children. J. Cogn. Res. Artif. Intell. 23(4), 45\u201360 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Res. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"5","key":"13308_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","volume":"8","author":"G Hickok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hickok, G. & Poeppel, D. The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8(5), 393\u2013402 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4","volume":"36","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. Working memory and language: an overview. J. Commun. Disord. 36(3), 189\u2013208 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","volume":"3","author":"M Corbetta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corbetta, M. & Shulman, G. L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3(3), 201\u2013215 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"13308_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00034-X","volume":"15","author":"A Kral","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kral, A., Kronenberger, W. G., Pisoni, D. B. & O\u2019Donoghue, G. M. Neurocognitive factors in sensory restoration of early deafness: A connectome model. Lancet Neurol. 15(6), 610\u2013621 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"13308_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00301-X","volume":"12","author":"R Adolphs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adolphs, R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12(2), 169\u2013177 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"13308_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012","volume":"45","author":"K Koch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koch, K. et al. Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 45(12), 2744\u20132754 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"17","key":"13308_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RC93","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-17-j0001.2000","volume":"20","author":"D Bavelier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bavelier, D. et al. Visual attention to the periphery is enhanced in congenitally deaf individuals. J. Neurosci. 20(17), RC93 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"13308_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.010","volume":"25","author":"L Nicole","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicole, L., Elke, R. G., Armin, D. G. & Michael, F. Cross-modal plasticity in deaf subjects dependent on the extent of hearing loss. Cogn. Brain. Res. 25(3), 884\u2013890 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"13308_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","volume":"10","author":"AD Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig, A. D. How do you feel\u2014now? The anterior Insula and human awareness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10(1), 59\u201370 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"13308_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)00037-1","volume":"26","author":"SK Scott","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scott, S. K. & Johnsrude, I. S. The neuroanatomical and functional organization of speech perception. Trends Neurosci. 26(2), 100\u2013107 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"13308_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000059865.32155.86","volume":"60","author":"Z Ahmad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahmad, Z., Balsamo, L. M., Sachs, B. C. & Gaillard, W. D. Auditory comprehension of Language in young children. Neurology 60(10), 1598\u20131605 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"13308_CR28","first-page":"165","volume":"334","author":"A Kral","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kral, A. Auditory critical periods: A review from system\u2019s perspective. Neuroscience 334, 165\u2013181 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"13308_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(01)34028-1","volume":"134","author":"A Pascual-Leone","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pascual-Leone, A. & Hamilton, R. The metamodal organization of the brain. Prog. Brain Res. 134, 427\u2013445 (2001).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"13308_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00281-1","volume":"16","author":"L J\u00e4ncke","year":"2003","unstructured":"J\u00e4ncke, L., Specht, K., Shah, J. N. & Hugdahl, K. Focused attention in a simple dichotic listening task: an fMRI experiment. Cogn. Brain. Res. 16(2), 257\u2013266 (2003).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"13308_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01922-9","volume":"224","author":"GM Bidelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bidelman, G. M. et al. Age-related hearing loss increases full-brain connectivity while reversing directed signaling within the dorsal-ventral pathway for speech. Brain Struct. Function. 224(8), 2661\u20132676 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Function"},{"issue":"1","key":"13308_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561841","volume":"12","author":"J Gandour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gandour, J. et al. D. A crosslinguistic PET study of tone perception. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12(1), 207\u2013222 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"13308_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01816-7","volume":"6","author":"RJ Zatorre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zatorre, R. J., Belin, P. & Penhune, V. B. Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6(1), 37\u201346 (2002).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13308-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13308-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13308-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T01:55:50Z","timestamp":1757296550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13308-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-13308-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin First Central Hospital (Review No. 2018N109KY; May,28th,2018).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians of all participants. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patients to publish this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"27320"}}