{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:03:21Z","timestamp":1785859401075,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives"},{"name":"J&J medical company","award":["AS2024A000094585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS2024A000094585"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13433-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1753967365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Classification accuracy of pain intensity induced by leg blood flow restriction during walking using machine learning based on electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hirotatsu","family":"Imai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Kanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shusuke","family":"Yoshimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"13433_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002557","volume":"163","author":"Z Zimmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zimmer, Z., Fraser, K., Grol-Prokopczyk, H. & Zajacova, A. A global study of pain prevalence across 52 countries: examining the role of country-level contextual factors. Pain 163, 1740\u20131750 (2022).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"13433_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41571","volume":"73","author":"S Safiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Safiri, S. et al. Prevalence, deaths, and Disability-Adjusted life years due to musculoskeletal disorders for 195 countries and territories 1990\u20132017. Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ. 73, 702\u2013714 (2021).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ"},{"key":"13433_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03057-3","volume":"354","author":"AM Elliott","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elliott, A. M., Smith, B. H., Penny, K. I. & Smith, C. Alastair chambers, W. The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. Lancet 354, 1248\u20131252 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"13433_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen103","volume":"101","author":"H Breivik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Breivik, H. et al. Assessment of pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 101, 17\u201324 (2008).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"13433_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/542964","volume":"14","author":"KM Prkachin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prkachin, K. M. Assessing pain by facial expression: facial expression as nexus. Pain Res. Manag. 14, 53\u201358 (2009).","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag"},{"key":"13433_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.04.008","volume":"153","author":"R Treister","year":"2012","unstructured":"Treister, R., Kliger, M., Zuckerman, G., Aryeh, I. G. & Eisenberg, E. Differentiating between heat pain intensities: the combined effect of multiple autonomic parameters. Pain 153, 1807\u20131814 (2012).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"13433_CR7","first-page":"4407","volume":"25","author":"E Schulz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schulz, E. et al. Prefrontal gamma oscillations encode tonic pain in humans. Cereb. Cortex N Y N 1991. 25, 4407\u20134414 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N Y N 1991"},{"key":"13433_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.011","volume":"148","author":"MM Nickel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickel, M. M. et al. Brain oscillations differentially encode noxious stimulus intensity and pain intensity. NeuroImage 148, 141\u2013147 (2017).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"13433_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2535962","volume":"10","author":"M Kachele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kachele, M., Thiam, P., Amirian, M., Schwenker, F. & Palm, G. Methods for Person-Centered continuous pain intensity assessment from Bio-Physiological channels. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal. Process. 10, 854\u2013864 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal. Process."},{"key":"13433_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.11.034","volume":"481","author":"F Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, F. et al. Learning Spatial-Spectral-Temporal EEG representations with deep Attentive-Recurrent-Convolutional neural networks for pain intensity assessment. Neuroscience 481, 144\u2013155 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"13433_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109580","volume":"374","author":"B Van Den Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Den Berg, B., Vanwinsen, L., Jansen, N. & Buitenweg, J. R. Real-time Estimation of perceptual thresholds based on the electroencephalogram using a deep neural network. J. Neurosci. Methods. 374, 109580 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"13433_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294577","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1294577","volume":"14","author":"Z Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Ozek, B. & Kamarthi, S. Transformer encoder with multiscale deep learning for pain classification using physiological signals. Front. Physiol. 14, 1294577 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"13433_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109928","volume":"189","author":"S De","year":"2025","unstructured":"De, S., Mukherjee, P., Roy, A. H. & GLEAM A multimodal deep learning framework for chronic lower back pain detection using EEG and sEMG signals. Comput. Biol. Med. 189, 109928 (2025).","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"13433_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200362","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202200362","volume":"7","author":"T Araki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Araki, T. et al. Skin-Like transparent sensor sheet for remote healthcare using electroencephalography and photoplethysmography. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2200362 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"13433_CR15","first-page":"575","volume":"19","author":"MH Bakri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bakri, M. H., Ismail, E. A. & Abd-Elshafy, S. K. Analgesic effect of Nalbuphine when added to intravenous regional anesthesia: A randomized control trial. Pain Physician. 19, 575\u2013581 (2016).","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"13433_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41561","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b13056","volume":"11","author":"M Kondo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kondo, M. et al. Ultralow-Noise organic transistors based on polymeric gate dielectrics with Self-Assembled modifiers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 41561\u201341569 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"13433_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2457093","volume":"20","author":"MK Islam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Islam, M. K., Rastegarnia, A., Yang, Z. A. & Wavelet-Based Artifact reduction from scalp EEG for epileptic seizure detection. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf. 20, 1321\u20131332 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"13433_CR18","first-page":"35","volume":"26","author":"N Pop-Jordanova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pop-Jordanova, N. & Pop-Jordanov, J. Spectrum-weighted EEG frequency (\u2018brain-rate\u2019) as a quantitative indicator of mental arousal. Prilozi 26, 35\u201342 (2005).","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"13433_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00855-x","volume":"24","author":"S Pyati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pyati, S. et al. Effects of tourniquets in the development of pain states: a novel clinical pilot study and review of utilization of tissue oximetry to measure neural ischemia. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 24, 25 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"13433_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2851236","volume":"12","author":"T Nezam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nezam, T., Boostani, R., Abootalebi, V. & Rastegar, K. A novel classification strategy to distinguish five levels of pain using the EEG signal features. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 12, 131\u2013140 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"13433_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.102840","volume":"69","author":"P Modares-Haghighi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Modares-Haghighi, P., Boostani, R., Nami, M. & Sanei, S. Quantification of pain severity using EEG-based functional connectivity. Biomed. Signal. Process. Control. 69, 102840 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal. Process. Control"},{"key":"13433_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1632-1","volume":"193","author":"LL Egsgaard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egsgaard, L. L., Wang, L. & Arendt-Nielsen, L. Volunteers with high versus low alpha EEG have different pain-EEG relationship: a human experimental study. Exp. Brain Res. 193, 361\u2013369 (2009).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13433-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13433-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13433-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T09:11:20Z","timestamp":1757322680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13433-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-13433-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest. The funding sponsor had no role in the design of the study; collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; writing of the manuscript; or decision to publish the results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27955"}}