{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:39:31Z","timestamp":1787495971101,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","award":["2020YFS0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0031"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Planning Project of Gansu Province","award":["21JR11RM044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR11RM044"]}]},{"name":"the Gansu Provincial University Young Doctoral Support Project","award":["2024QB-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB-120"]}]},{"name":"the Ph.D. Foundation Program of Long Dong University","award":["XYBYZK2310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XYBYZK2310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13715-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T15:12:09Z","timestamp":1754061129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gut microbiota from Mori fructus (Morus alba L.) polyphenols and polysaccharides-dosed mice activates the PPAR\u03b1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway to mitigate HFD-induced metabolic syndrome in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meixia","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianya","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"13715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06466-x","volume":"621","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takeuchi, T. et al. Gut microbial carbohydrate metabolism contributes to insulin resistance. Nature 621, 389\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06466-x (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13715_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","volume":"20","author":"MG Saklayen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saklayen, M. G. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 20, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"13715_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu, C. N., Hou, C. Y., Hsu, W. H. & Tain, Y. L. Early-Life origins of metabolic syndrome: mechanisms and preventive aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111872 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111872"},{"key":"13715_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33530","volume":"149","author":"G Nagel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagel, G. et al. Metabolic factors and the risk of small intestine cancers: pooled study of 800 000 individuals in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project. Int. J. Cancer. 149, 66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.33530 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"13715_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.195","volume":"148","author":"W Ping-Ping","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ping-Ping, W., Wen-Duo, W., Chun, C., Xiong, F. & Rui-Hai, L. Effect of fructus mori. Bioactive polysaccharide conjugation on improving functional and antioxidant activity of Whey protein. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 148, 761\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.195 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"13715_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1546669","volume":"60","author":"SV Luca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luca, S. V. et al. Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: the role of metabolites. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 60, 626\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2018.1546669 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"13715_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kasprzak-Drozd, K., Oniszczuk, T., Stasiak, M. & Oniszczuk, A. Beneficial effects of phenolic compounds on gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22073715 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073715"},{"key":"13715_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11121818","author":"M Wan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wan, M., Li, Q., Lei, Q., Zhou, D. & Wang, S. Polyphenols and polysaccharides from Morus Alba L. Fruit attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced metabolic syndrome modifying the gut microbiota and metabolite profile. Foods https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11121818 (2022).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"13715_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.020","volume":"31","author":"S Porcari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porcari, S. et al. Key determinants of success in fecal microbiota transplantation: from Microbiome to clinic. Cell. Host Microbe. 31, 712\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.020 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"13715_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265028","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2265028","volume":"15","author":"Y Tie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tie, Y. et al. Current insights on the roles of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease-associated extra-intestinal manifestations: pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. Gut Microbes. 15, 2265028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2023.2265028 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"13715_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290757","volume":"8","author":"AR Weingarden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weingarden, A. R. & Vaughn, B. P. Intestinal microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 8, 238\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2017.1290757 (2017).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"13715_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020067","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2020067","volume":"14","author":"P Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, P. et al. Effect of antibiotic pretreatment on bacterial engraftment after fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in IBS-D. Gut Microbes. 14, 2020067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2021.2020067 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"13715_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092203","author":"M Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, M., Cople-Rodrigues, C., Waitzberg, D. L., Rocha, I. & Curioni, C. C. Changes in the gut microbiota after the use of herbal medicines in overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092203 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"13715_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo01346a","volume":"9","author":"C Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Modulation of gut microbiota by mulberry fruit polysaccharide treatment of obese diabetic db\/db mice. Food Funct. 9, 3732\u20133742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7fo01346a (2018).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"13715_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-023-00730-7","volume":"20","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J., Huang, H., Fan, R., Hua, Y. & Ma, W. Lipidomic analysis of brain and hippocampus from mice fed with high-fat diet and treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Nutr. Metab. 20, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-023-00730-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"13715_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lauko, S. et al. Beneficial effect of faecal microbiota transplantation on mild, moderate and severe dextran sodium Sulphate-Induced ulcerative colitis in a Pseudo Germ-Free animal model. Biomedicines 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12010043 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010043"},{"key":"13715_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01534","volume":"9","author":"EA Kennedy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennedy, E. A., King, K. Y. & Baldridge, M. T. Mouse microbiota models: comparing Germ-Free mice and antibiotics treatment as tools for modifying gut bacteria. Front. Physiol. 9, 1534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.01534 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"13715_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915047117","volume":"117","author":"M Ennamorati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ennamorati, M. et al. Intestinal microbes influence development of thymic lymphocytes in early life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 117, 2570\u20132578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1915047117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"13715_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.1799","volume":"33","author":"SH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, S. H., An, J. H., Lee, H. J. & Jung, B. H. Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic differences of acetaminophen in Pseudo germ-free rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 33, 292\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdd.1799 (2012).","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"13715_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129590","volume":"261","author":"H Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, H. et al. Carboxymethylated abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide prevents CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal damage by regulating intestinal flora and Butyric acid content. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 261, 129590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129590 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"13715_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01221","volume":"11","author":"W Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang, W. et al. Colonization potential to reconstitute a microbe community in Pseudo Germ-Free mice after fecal microbe transplant from equol producer. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01221 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"13715_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.012","volume":"14","author":"A Wichmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wichmann, A. et al. Microbial modulation of energy availability in the colon regulates intestinal transit. Cell. Host Microbe. 14, 582\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.012 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"key":"13715_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071","volume":"70","author":"A Agus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agus, A., Clement, K. & Sokol, H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut 70, 1174\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"13715_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31695-w","volume":"8","author":"A Baars","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baars, A. et al. Sex differences in lipid metabolism are affected by presence of the gut microbiota. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 13426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-31695-w (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"13715_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax6208","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax6208","volume":"6","author":"SL Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, S. L. et al. Citrus polymethoxyflavones attenuate metabolic syndrome by regulating gut Microbiome and amino acid metabolism. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax6208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aax6208 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"13715_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","volume":"519","author":"B Chassaing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chassaing, B. et al. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature 519, 92\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14232 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13715_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116807","volume":"176","author":"J Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, J. et al. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. Biomed. Pharmacother. 176, 116807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116807 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"13715_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, C. Y., Chen, J., He, L. & Stiles, B. L. PTEN: tumor suppressor and metabolic regulator. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 9, 338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00338 (2018).","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00338"},{"issue":"5","key":"13715_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1159\/000489546","volume":"46","author":"F He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He, F. et al. Resistin regulates fatty acid \u0392 oxidation by suppressing expression of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor Gamma-Coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1). Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 46(5), 2165\u20132172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000489546 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"13715_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.039","volume":"62","author":"M Pawlak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pawlak, M., Lefebvre, P. & Staels, B. Molecular mechanism of PPAR\u03b1 action and its impact on lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 62(3), 720\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.10.039 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"13715_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6677955","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6677955","volume":"2021","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. PGC-1\u03b1 protects against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by activating PPAR\u03b1 and PPAR\u03b3 and regulating ROS production. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2021, 6677955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6677955 (2021).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"13715_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18642-y","volume":"11","author":"O Avraham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Avraham, O. et al. Satellite glial cells promote regenerative growth in sensory neurons. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 4891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18642-y (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"13715_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S132071","volume":"10","author":"H Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu, H., Pei, D., Chen, L., Zhou, X. & Zhu, H. Identification of key genes and molecular mechanisms associated with dedifferentiated liposarcoma based on bioinformatic methods. Onco Targets Ther. 10, 3017\u20133027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S132071 (2017).","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"13715_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171624","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01716-24","volume":"13","author":"O Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, O. et al. Lactococcus petauri LZys1 modulates gut microbiota, diminishes ileal FXR-FGF15 signaling, and regulates hepatic function. Microbiol. Spectr. 13(6), e0171624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01716-24 (2025).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"3","key":"13715_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom","volume":"27","author":"JR Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J. R. et al. Fermentation products of commensal bacteria alter enterocyte lipid metabolism. Cell. Host Microbe. 27(3), 358\u2013375e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"13715_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0039","volume":"24","author":"H Dhami-Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhami-Shah, H. et al. Picroside II attenuates fatty acid accumulation in HepG2 cells via modulation of fatty acid uptake and synthesis. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 24(1), 77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2017.0039 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"13715_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.05.019","volume":"325","author":"S Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song, S. et al. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha) induce carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT-1A) via independent gene elements. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 325(1\u20132), 54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2010.05.019 (2010).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"13715_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-023-01993-8","volume":"298","author":"X Niu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niu, X. et al. Regulation of PPAR\u03b3\/CPT-1 expression ameliorates cochlear hair cell injury by regulating cellular lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol. Genet. Genomics. 298(2), 473\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00438-023-01993-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13715-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13715-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13715-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T02:27:27Z","timestamp":1754360847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-13715-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["13715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-13715-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The animal study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sichuan University (protocol code: SYXK (Chuan) 2018-113).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"28137"}}