{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:04:11Z","timestamp":1781895851772,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["758813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["758813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study aims to explore the influence of genetic similarity for neuroticism liability in mother\u2019s reported quality of relationship with her child and partner. Such understanding could provide insight into the role of genetic similarity in neuroticism liability in close relationships. Molecular genetic data in 4,704 mothers, partners, and children in the Avon Longitudinal Study Parents And Children (ALSPAC) study were used to derive the proportion of genetic similarity in neuroticism liability between mother and child, and mother and partner, for genetic variants associated with neuroticism. Associations between genetic similarity in neuroticism liability scores and mothers\u2019 reported enjoyment and conflict in the parenting relationship (child ages 0\u20133) and her reported partner relationship were examined. For a one standard deviation (SD) increase in similarity in mother and child genetic variants associated with neuroticism, there was a 0.15SD (95%CI\u2009=\u20090.003 to 0.500, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.046) increase in maternal reported enjoyment in their relationship. This association was greater where mother and child were both in the top quartile for high neuroticism (standardised beta\u2009=\u20090.29, 95%CI\u2009=\u20090.02 to 0.56, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034). Similar patterns of results emerged for similarity for genetic variants associated with neuroticism between mothers and partners, and the quality of the mother-partner relationship. These results highlight how phenotypic variation (i.e. the link between PGS scores and mothers reported enjoyment) linked to genetic liability in one individual may be linked with the genetic liability of those around them (i.e. the genetic liability of the infant). In other words, parenting and intimate partner relationships as perceived by the mother were explained not by one or the other\u2019s genetic score, but by the similarity between them These exploratory findings present an intriguing mechanism by which similarity between genetic liability might be linked to family relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14137-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T09:33:40Z","timestamp":1754991220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The proportion of genetic similarity for liability for neuroticism in mother\u2013child and mother\u2013father dyads is associated with reported relationship quality"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Cadman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iryna","family":"Culpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc H.","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex S. F.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"14137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01449-8","volume":"2020\/10\/","author":"I Culpin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Culpin, I. et al. Specific domains of early parenting, their heritability and differential association with adolescent behavioural and emotional disorders and academic achievement. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry. 2020\/10\/ (10), 1401\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-019-01449-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"14137_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Fradley, E. & Tuckey, M. Jul. Rethinking maternal sensitivity: mothers\u2019 comments on infants\u2019 mental processes predict security of attachment at 12 months. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines. ;42(5):637\u2009\u2013\u200948. (2001).","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00759"},{"key":"14137_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, R. M. You don\u2019t get me: Public responses to mood and behaviour monitoring wearable technology. (2022). https:\/\/www.openaccessgovernment.org\/article\/you-dont-get-me-public-responses-behaviour-monitoring-wearable-technology\/146014\/","DOI":"10.56367\/OAG-036-10216"},{"key":"14137_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameroff, A. The transactional model. The Transactional Model of Development: How Children and Contexts Shape Each Other. American Psychological Association; :3\u201321. (2009).","DOI":"10.1037\/11877-001"},{"issue":"2","key":"14137_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/08902070211001258","volume":"36","author":"M Kreuzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreuzer, M. & Gollwitzer, M. Neuroticism and satisfaction in romantic relationships: A systematic investigation of intra- and interpersonal processes with a longitudinal approach. Eur. J. Pers. 36 (2), 149\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08902070211001258 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"14137_CR6","unstructured":"Eysenck HJr. The Biological Basis of Personalityvol 689 (Transaction, 1967)."},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-017-0013-8","volume":"50","author":"M Luciano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luciano, M. et al. Association analysis in over 329,000 individuals identifies 116 independent variants influencing neuroticism. Nature Genetics Jan. 50 (1), 6\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-017-0013-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature Genetics Jan"},{"key":"14137_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagel, M. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways. Nature Genetics 2018\/07\/01 2018;50(7):920\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0151-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0151-7"},{"key":"14137_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hugh-Jones, D., Verweij, K. J. H., St. Pourcain, B. & Abdellaoui, A. Assortative mating on educational attainment leads to genetic spousal resemblance for polygenic scores. Intelligence. \/11\/01\/ 2016;59:103\u2013108. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2016.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.08.005"},{"key":"14137_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson, M. R. et al. Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans. Nature Human Behaviour. \/01\/09 2017;1(1):0016. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-016-0016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0016"},{"key":"14137_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meunier, V. & Baker, W. Positive couple relationships: the evidence for Long-Lasting relationship satisfaction and happiness. In: (ed Roffey, S.) Positive Relationships: Evidence Based Practice across the World. Springer Netherlands; :73\u201389. (2012).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2147-0_5"},{"key":"14137_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tracey, M. R. & Polachek, S. W. If looks could heal: Child health and paternal investment. Journal of Health Economics. \/01\/01\/ 2018;57:179\u2013190. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.11.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.11.007"},{"key":"14137_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/per.536","volume":"19","author":"C van Tuijl","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Tuijl, C., Branje, S. J. T., Dubas, J. S., Vermulst, A. A. & van Aken, M. A. G. Parent-offspring similarity in personality and adolescents\u2019 problem behaviour. Eur. J. Pers. 19, 51\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.536 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"issue":"5","key":"14137_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614544528","volume":"9","author":"DH Barlow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R. & Carl, J. R. The origins of neuroticism. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 9 (5), 481\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691614544528 (2014).","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"14137_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hill, W. D. et al. Genetic contributions to two special factors of neuroticism are associated with affluence, higher intelligence, better health, and longer life. Molecular Psychiatry 2020\/11\/01 2020;25(11):3034\u20133052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0387-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0387-3"},{"key":"14137_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. L. C. & Kumari, V. Hans Eysenck\u2019s interface between the brain and personality: Modern evidence on the cognitive neuroscience of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. \/12\/01\/ 2016;103:74\u201381. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"14137_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.13110\/merrpalmquar1982.62.2.0105","volume":"62","author":"MP Chaparro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaparro, M. P. & Grusec, J. E. Neuroticism moderates the relation between parenting and empathy and between empathy and prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Q. 62 (2), 105\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13110\/merrpalmquar1982.62.2.0105 (2016).","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12141","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12141","volume":"3","author":"I Costantini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Costantini, I. et al. Childhood trajectories of internalising and externalising problems associated with a polygenic risk score for neuroticism in a UK birth cohort study. JCPP Adv. 3 (1), e12141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcv2.12141 (2023).","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"14137_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2020.0375","volume":"28","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Estimating genetic similarity matrices using phylogenies. J. Comput. Biol. 28 (6), 587\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cmb.2020.0375 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"14137_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/519794","volume":"81","author":"GK Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, G. K. & Witte, J. S. Enriching the analysis of genomewide association studies with hierarchical modeling. Am J. Hum. Genet Aug. 81 (2), 397\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/519794 (2007).","journal-title":"Am J. Hum. Genet Aug"},{"key":"14137_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bornstein, M. H. & Suwalsky, J. T. D. The specificity principle in adoption. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. \/05\/01\/ 2021;74:101264. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2021.101264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2021.101264"},{"key":"14137_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014091","volume":"23","author":"MA Rueter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rueter, M. A., Keyes, M. A., Iacono, W. G. & McGue, M. Family interactions in adoptive compared to nonadoptive families. J. Fam. Psychol. 23, 58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014091 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Fam. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"14137_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620904450","volume":"31","author":"R Cheesman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheesman, R. et al. Comparison of adopted and nonadopted individuals reveals Gene-Environment interplay for education in the UK biobank. Psychol Sci May. 31 (5), 582\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797620904450 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychol Sci May"},{"key":"14137_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornstein, M. H. Handbook of Parenting: Volume 1: Children and Parenting 3rd edn (Routledge, 2019).","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429440847-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"14137_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035470","volume":"50","author":"KK Elam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elam, K. K. et al. Adoptive parent hostility and children\u2019s peer behavior problems: examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology May. 50 (5), 1543\u20131552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035470 (2014).","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology May"},{"key":"14137_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.5.604","volume":"22","author":"KE Anderson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Anderson, K. E., Lytton, H. & Romney, D. M. Mothers\u2019 interactions with normal and conduct-disordered boys: who affects whom? Dev. Psychol. 22, 604\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.22.5.604 (1986).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"14137_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ayoub, M. et al. Aug. Genetic and environmental associations between child personality and parenting. Social psychological and personality science. ;10(6):711\u2013721. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550618784890","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550618784890"},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868313498308","volume":"18","author":"R Avinun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Avinun, R. & Knafo, A. Parenting as a reaction evoked by children\u2019s genotype:a Meta-Analysis of Children-as-Twins studies. Personality Social Psychol. Rev. 18 (1), 87\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868313498308 (2014).","journal-title":"Personality Social Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"14137_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007757","volume":"14","author":"S Selzam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selzam, S. et al. Evidence for gene-environment correlation in child feeding: links between common genetic variation for BMI in children and parental feeding practices. PLoS Genet. 14 (11), e1007757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007757 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"14137_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.2.274","volume":"79","author":"LA Clark","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clark, L. A., Kochanska, G. & Ready, R. Mothers\u2019 personality and its interaction with child temperament as predictors of parenting behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 79, 274\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.79.2.274 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"14137_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030737","volume":"139","author":"TM Chaplin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaplin, T. M. & Aldao, A. Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull Jul. 139 (4), 735\u2013765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030737 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol Bull Jul"},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","volume":"42","author":"A Boyd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyd, A. et al. Cohort profile: the \u2018children of the 90s\u2019--the index offspring of the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Int. J. Epidemiol. 42 (1), 111\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys064 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","volume":"42","author":"A Fraser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraser, A. et al. Cohort profile: the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. International J. Epidemiology Feb. 42 (1), 97\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys066 (2013).","journal-title":"International J. Epidemiology Feb"},{"key":"14137_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Northstone, K. et al. The Avon longitudinal study of parents and children ALSPAC G0 partners: A cohort profile [version 2; peer review: 1 approved]. Wellcome Open. Res. 8 (37). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18782.2 (2023).","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18782.2"},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","volume":"41","author":"MA Straus","year":"1979","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales. J. Marriage Family. 41 (1), 75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/351733 (1979).","journal-title":"J. Marriage Family"},{"issue":"3","key":"14137_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","volume":"17","author":"MA STRAUS","year":"1996","unstructured":"STRAUS, M. A., HAMBY SL, BONEY-McCOY, S. & SUGARMAN, D. B. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2):Development and preliminary psychometric data. J. Fam. Issues. 17 (3), 283\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019251396017003001 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"14137_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.10.006","volume":"44","author":"H Chapman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chapman, H. & Gillespie, S. M. The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2): A review of the properties, reliability, and validity of the CTS2 as a measure of partner abuse in community and clinical samples. Aggression Violent Behavior 2019\/01\/01\/. 44, 27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2018.10.006 (2019).","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behavior 2019\/01\/01\/"},{"key":"14137_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi, S. W. & O\u2019Reilly, P. F. PRSice-2: polygenic risk score software for biobank-scale data. GigaScience 8 (7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giz082 (2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz082"},{"issue":"7488","key":"14137_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12873","volume":"506","author":"Y Okada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okada, Y. et al. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis contributes to biology and drug discovery. Nature 2014\/02\/01. 506 (7488), 376\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12873 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature 2014\/02\/01"},{"issue":"3","key":"14137_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.3.686","volume":"74","author":"AM Kring","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kring, A. M. & Gordon, A. H. Sex differences in emotion: expression, experience, and physiology. Journal Personality Social Psychology Mar. 74 (3), 686\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.74.3.686 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal Personality Social Psychology Mar."},{"key":"14137_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liuhanen, J. et al. Polygenic risk for neuroticism is associated with externalizing symptoms in 2-year-old boys. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 04 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110720 (2023). \/20\/ 2023;123:110720.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110720"},{"key":"14137_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kroener, J. et al. Relationship dysfunction in couples when one partner is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder: findings from a pilot study. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland). Mar 13 (3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13030253 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13030253"},{"issue":"3","key":"14137_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4363","volume":"75","author":"E Netsi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Netsi, E. et al. Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 75 (3), 247\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4363 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00574.x","volume":"10","author":"AN Meltzoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. Like me\u2019: a foundation for social cognition. Developmental Science Jan. 10 (1), 126\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00574.x (2007).","journal-title":"Developmental Science Jan"},{"issue":"1","key":"14137_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.09.005","volume":"124","author":"AN Meltzoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N. The \u2018like me\u2019 framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent. Acta Psychol. (Amst) Jan. 124 (1), 26\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2006.09.005 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. (Amst) Jan"},{"key":"14137_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f6tz, F. M., Gosling, S. D. & Rentfrow, P. J. Effect sizes and what to make of them. Nature Human Behaviour. \/05\/01 2024;8(5):798\u2013800. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-024-01858-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01858-z"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14137-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14137-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14137-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T22:02:15Z","timestamp":1755381735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14137-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14137-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We also need to acknowledge this fundingThe UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 217065\/Z\/19\/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This work was supported by European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (grant FP\/2007-2013), European Research Council Grant Agreements (grants 758813; MHINT).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Consent for biological samples has been collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004). Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. Please note that the study website contains details of all the data that is available through a fully searchable data dictionary and variable search tool, see: .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"29505"}}