{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:45:18Z","timestamp":1788371118536,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Research Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["F202307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F202307"]}]},{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Outstanding Talent Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["SWBFY 2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWBFY 2021-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14871-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:34:08Z","timestamp":1754667248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The significance of glycemic variability in conjunction with lactate metabolism levels in the clinical assessment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"14871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F301","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313707","volume":"103","author":"C Gale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gale, C., Statnikov, Y., Jawad, S., Uthaya, S. N. & Modi, N. Neonatal brain injuries in england: population-based incidence derived from routinely recorded clinical data held in the National neonatal research database. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 103(4), F301\u2013F306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313707 (2018).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110309","volume":"202","author":"N Bruns","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bruns, N. et al. Short-term outcomes of asphyxiated neonates depending on requirement for transfer in the first 24\u00a0h of life. Resuscitation 202(0), 110309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110309 (2024).","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"12","key":"14871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2449188","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.49188","volume":"7","author":"HC Glass","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glass, H. C. et al. Predictors of death or severe impairment in neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy. JAMA Netw. Open. 7(12), e2449188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.49188 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"14871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023063032","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063032","volume":"154","author":"SL Bonifacio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bonifacio, S. L., Liu, J., Lee, H. C., Hintz, S. R. & Profit, J. Trends in HIE and use of hypothermia in California: opportunities for improvement. Pediatrics 154(3), e2023063032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2023-063032 (2024).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04398-9","volume":"62","author":"M Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, M., Wang, K., Liu, B., Shen, Y. & Liu, G. Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy: pathogenesis and promising therapies. Mol. Neurobiol. 62(2), 2105\u20132122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-024-04398-9 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01308-3","volume":"120","author":"P Greco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greco, P. et al. Pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a review of the past and a view on the future. Acta Neurol. Belg. 120(2), 277\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01308-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.001","volume":"228","author":"P Olofsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olofsson, P. Umbilical cord pH, blood gases, and lactate at birth: normal values, interpretation, and clinical utility. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 228(0), S1222\u2013S1240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.001 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"14871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2021.11.016","volume":"64","author":"CH Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, C. H. et al. Effect of birth asphyxia on neonatal blood glucose during the early postnatal life: A multi-center study in Hubei province, China. Pediatr. Neonatol. 64(5), 562\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedneo.2021.11.016 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"14871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31812e51fc","volume":"63","author":"JL Sperry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sperry, J. L. et al. Early hyperglycemia predicts multiple organ failure and mortality but not infection. J. Trauma. 63(3), 487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e31812e51fc (2007).","journal-title":"J. Trauma."},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101246","volume":"51","author":"AE Garcia Whitlock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia Whitlock, A. E. et al. Loss of FOXO transcription factors in the liver mitigates stress-induced hyperglycemia. Mol. Metab. 51(0), 101246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101246 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"14871_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022060965","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060965","volume":"152","author":"U Mietzsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mietzsch, U. et al. Early glycemic state and outcomes of neonates with hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 152(4), e2022060965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-060965 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"14871_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i10.1719","volume":"12","author":"KC See","year":"2021","unstructured":"See, K. C. Glycemic targets in critically ill adults: A mini-review. World J. Diabetes. 12(10), 1719\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v12.i10.1719 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111869","volume":"217","author":"L Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi, L. et al. Association of glycemic variability and prognosis in patients with traumatic brain injury: A retrospective study from the MIMIC-IV database. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 217(0), 111869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111869 (2024).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318194b097","volume":"37","author":"SM Bagshaw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bagshaw, S. M., Egi, M., George, C. & Bellomo, R. Early blood glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients in Australia. Crit. Care Med. 37(2), 463\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318194b097 (2009).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"14871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.155416","volume":"586","author":"A Schurr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schurr, A. Lactate: A major and crucial player in normal functioning of the brain and in brain pathological conditions. J. Physiol. 586(11), 2665\u20132666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.155416 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"14871_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05225-2","volume":"29","author":"M Andersson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andersson, M. et al. Prehospital lactate analysis in suspected sepsis improves detection of patients with increased mortality risk: an observational study. Crit. Care. 29(1), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-024-05225-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"14871_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012","volume":"33","author":"HB Sarnat","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sarnat, H. B. & Sarnat, M. S. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch. Neurol. 33, 696\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500100030012 (1976).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"14871_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04809-9","volume":"24","author":"TA Abdelaziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelaziz, T. A., Karam, N. A., Ismail, W. I., Askary, N. M. A. & Baz, E. G. Lactate dynamics in paediatric patients with severe sepsis: insights from a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 24(1), 345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04809-9 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"14871_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02586-4","volume":"18","author":"B Fuentes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuentes, B. et al. Glucemie variability: prognostic impact on acute ischemic stroke and the impact of corrective treatment for huperalycemia. The GLIAS-III translational study. J. Trans. Med. 18(1), 414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02586-4 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Trans. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04694-3","volume":"182","author":"A Galderisi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galderisi, A. et al. Glucose-to-lactate ratio and neurodevelopment in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 182(2), 837\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04694-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F149","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308733","volume":"101","author":"SK Basu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Basu, S. K. et al. Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with unfavourable outcome in infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a post hoc analysis of the CoolCap study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101(2), F149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308733 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"14871_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F299","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311385","volume":"102","author":"SK Basu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu, S. K., Salemi, J. L., Gunn, A. J. & Kaiser, J. R. Hyperglycaemia in infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is associated with improved outcomes after therapeutic hypothermia: a post hoc analysis of the CoolCap study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 102(4), F299\u2013F306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311385 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"14871_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230264","volume":"94","author":"X Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, X. et al. Hyperglycemia aggravates the cerebral ischemia injury via protein O-GlcNAcylation. J. Alzheimers Dis. 94(2), 651\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-230264 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"14871_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2024.05.003","volume":"46","author":"MAM Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali, M. A. M. et al. Glucose instability and outcomes of neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Brain Dev. 46(8), 262\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2024.05.003 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"issue":"5","key":"14871_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R203","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11812","volume":"16","author":"AH Kramer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kramer, A. H., Roberts, D. J. & Zygun, D. A. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care. 16(5), R203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11812 (2012).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"14871_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01864-w","volume":"25","author":"AC Panayi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panayi, A. C. et al. Effect of Liberal glucose control on critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord. 25(1), 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01864-w (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"14871_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15028","volume":"154","author":"H Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei, H. & Gruetter, R. Metabolic and perfusion responses to acute hypoglycemia in the rat cortex: A non-invasive magnetic resonance approach. J. Neurochem. 154(1), 71\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.15028 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112406","volume":"595","author":"W Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, W. et al. NLRP3 inhibitor alleviates glycemic variability-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 595(0), 112406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112406 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00293","volume":"9","author":"TW Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, T. W. et al. Cerebral lactate concentration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: in relation to time, characteristic of injury, and serum lactate concentration. Front. Neurol. 9(0), 293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00293 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"0","key":"14871_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.12.063","volume":"231","author":"DL Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris, D. L., Weston, P. J. & Harding, J. E. Alternative cerebral fuels in the first five days in healthy term infants: the glucose in well babies (GLOW) study. J. Pediatr. 231(0), 81\u201386e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.12.063 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14871-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14871-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14871-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:34:08Z","timestamp":1754667248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-14871-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["14871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-14871-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study adhered to medical ethical standards and received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (No. 2022-YKL3-06-006). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the IRB of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University waived the need of obtaining informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29072"}}