{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:36:58Z","timestamp":1779313018342,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009331","name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of special funding support","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZLRK202323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZLRK202323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15186-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T14:25:40Z","timestamp":1755613540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reduced serum iron levels predict poor prognosis in pulmonary mucormycosis patients: a prospective, case\u2012control study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiongzhen","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"15186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.035","volume":"27","author":"V Muthu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthu, V. et al. Has the mortality from pulmonary mucormycosis changed over time? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 27 (4), 538\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.035 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"12","key":"15186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05789-6","volume":"45","author":"E Pardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pardo, E. et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with hematological malignancies. Intensive Care Med. 45 (12), 1732\u20131741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-019-05789-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"15186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254919","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1254919","volume":"21","author":"A Alqarihi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alqarihi, A., Kontoyiannis, D. P. & Ibrahim, A. S. Mucormycosis in 2023: an update on pathogenesis and management. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 21, 13: 1254919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1254919 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"15186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00082","volume":"10","author":"M Tanwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanwar, M. et al. Comprehensive review on the virulence factors and therapeutic strategies with the aid of artificial intelligence against mucormycosis. ACS Infect. Dis. 10 (5), 1431\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00082 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"15186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101825","volume":"434","author":"J Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, J. & Pantopoulos, K. Regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem. J. 434 (3), 365\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20101825 (2011).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"15186_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00028","volume":"3","author":"H Haas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haas, H. Iron: a key nexus in the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front. Microbiol. 3, 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00028 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"15186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.04.010","volume":"13","author":"JE Cassat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cassat, J. E. & Skaar, E. P. Iron in infection and immunity. Cell. Host Microbe. 13 (5), 509\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2013.04.010 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell. Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"15186_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01087","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01087-20","volume":"11","author":"A Alqarihi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqarihi, A. et al. GRP78 and integrins play different roles in host cell invasion during mucormycosis. mBio 11 (3), e01087\u2013e01020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01087-20 (2020).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"7","key":"15186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","volume":"24","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denning, D. W. Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24 (7), e428\u2013e438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"15186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110550","volume":"130","author":"B Pathakumari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pathakumari, B., Liang, G. & Liu, W. Immune defense to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 130, 110550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110550 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"15186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1855","volume":"72","author":"BD Alexander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexander, B. D. et al. Guidance on imaging for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis: from the imaging working group for the revision and update of the consensus definitions of fungal disease from the EORTC\/MSGERC. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72 (Suppl 2), S79\u2013S88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1855 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"15186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040265","volume":"6","author":"A Skiada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skiada, A., Pavleas, I. & Drogari-Apiranthitou, M. Epidemiology and diagnosis of mucormycosis: an update. J. Fungi (Basel). 6 (4), 265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6040265 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"15186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0103222","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01032-22","volume":"60","author":"KR Barker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barker, K. R. et al. A practical workflow for the identification of aspergillus, fusarium, mucorales by MALDI-TOF MS: database, medium, and incubation optimization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 60 (12), e0103222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01032-22 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"15186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202307-1125IM","volume":"209","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm caused by pulmonary mucormycosis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 209 (7), 879\u2013880 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"15186_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.156","volume":"187","author":"A Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, A. et al. Lactoferrin, a potential iron-chelator as an adjunct treatment for mucormycosis - A comprehensive review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 187, 988\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.156 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"5","key":"15186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20220252","volume":"67","author":"I Happacher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Happacher, I. et al. Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus: impact on biotic interactions and potential translational applications. Essays Biochem. 67 (5), 829\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/EBC20220252 (2023).","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"15186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020094","volume":"6","author":"FE Nicol\u00e1s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicol\u00e1s, F. E. et al. Mucorales species and macrophages. J. Fungi (Basel). 6 (2), 94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6020094 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"15186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040272","volume":"7","author":"FA Stanford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stanford, F. A. et al. Expression patterns in reductive iron assimilation and functional consequences during phagocytosis of lichtheimia corymbifera, an emerging cause of mucormycosis. J. Fungi (Basel). 7 (4), 272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7040272 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13391","volume":"65","author":"HM Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, H. M. et al. Serum iron indices in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: A case\u2013control study. Mycoses 65 (1), 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.13391 (2022).","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"15186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dp, I., Yadhav Ml, K. & Gs, C. Is serum ferritin an early marker for COVID-19-Associated mucormycosis?? Cureus. ; 15(3): e36734. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36734","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36734"},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01109-z","volume":"12","author":"V Pai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pai, V. et al. Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 12 (1), 167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13244-021-01109-z (2021).","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"15186_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-022-01038-5","volume":"62","author":"P Paidisetty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paidisetty, P. et al. Changing trend of risk factors of mucormycosis including diabetes, acidosis, and serum iron in the second wave of COVID-19. Indian J. Microbiol. 62 (4), 602\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12088-022-01038-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7831","key":"15186_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2668-z","volume":"586","author":"CB Billesb\u00f8lle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Billesb\u00f8lle, C. B. et al. Structure of hepcidin-bound Ferroportin reveals iron homeostatic mechanisms. Nature 586 (7831), 807\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2668-z (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10270","key":"15186_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","volume":"16","author":"SR Pasricha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pasricha, S. R. et al. Iron deficiency. Lancet 16 (10270), 233\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82063-0","volume":"11","author":"T Ueda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ueda, T. et al. Serum iron: a new predictor of adverse outcomes independently from serum hemoglobin levels in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 2395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82063-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01965-9","volume":"21","author":"J Shu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shu, J. et al. Elevated serum iron level is a predictor of prognosis in ICU patients with acute kidney injury. BMC Nephrol. 21 (1), 303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-020-01965-9 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11620-9","volume":"23","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Li, Y. & Chen, Z. Impact of low serum iron on treatment outcome of PD-1 inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 23 (1), 1095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-023-11620-9 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"15186_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-021-01995-9","volume":"26","author":"P Lan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lan, P. et al. Preoperative iron status is a prognosis factor for stage II and III colorectal cancer. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 26 (11), 2037\u20132045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10147-021-01995-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"15186_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29353-2","volume":"8","author":"P Lan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lan, P. et al. High serum iron level is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis. Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 11072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-29353-2 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15186-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15186-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15186-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1757477425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15186-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15186-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6562627\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the subjects provided informed consent. This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (No. 23617-0-01).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30395"}}