{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:55:37Z","timestamp":1788998137432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of International Education, Greek diaspora fellowship program"},{"name":"Centennial Enhancement Chair funds, University of Saskatchewan"},{"name":"Start-up funds, university of Saskatchewan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15303-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:22:32Z","timestamp":1756459352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tea tree oil in inhibiting oral cariogenic bacterial growth an in vivo study for managing dental caries"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Hoja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Daskalaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liubov","family":"Lobanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raed S.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.L.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Arapostathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Katselis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Papagerakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Papagerakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"15303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","volume":"369","author":"RH Selwitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Selwitz, R. H. & Ismail, A. I. Pitts, N. B. Dental caries. Lancet 369, 51\u201359 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"15303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00180.x","volume":"19","author":"F Manji","year":"1991","unstructured":"Manji, F., Fejerskov, O., Nagelkerke, N. J. D. & Baelum V. A random effects model for some epidemiological features of dental caries. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 19, 324\u2013328 (1991).","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"15303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s07","volume":"83","author":"EAM Kidd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kidd, E. A. M. & Fejerskov, O. What constitutes dental caries?? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J. Dent. Res. 83, 35\u201338 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"15303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00339.x","volume":"55","author":"PD Marsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D., Moter, A. & Devine, D. A. Dental plaque biofilms: communities, conflict and control. Periodontol 2000. 55, 16\u201335 (2011).","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"15303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korona-Glowniak, I. et al. Streptococcus sobrinus as a predominant oral bacteria related to the occurrence of dental caries in Polish children at 12 years old. Int J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 19, 15005 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192215005"},{"key":"15303_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1159\/000159604","volume":"42","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takahashi, N. & Nyvad, B. Caries ecology revisited: microbial dynamics and the caries process. Caries Res. 42, 409\u2013418 (2008).","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"15303_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro771","volume":"1","author":"TJ Mitchell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mitchell, T. J. The pathogenesis of Streptococcal infections: from tooth decay to meningitis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 1, 219\u2013230 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"15303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030058","volume":"4","author":"S Chouhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouhan, S., Sharma, K. & Guleria, S. Antimicrobial activity of some essential Oils\u2014Present status and future perspectives. Medicines 4, 58 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"15303_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.50-62.2006","volume":"19","author":"CF Carson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A. & Riley, T. V. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19, 50\u201362 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"15303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2003.00105.x","volume":"18","author":"KA Hammer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hammer, K. A. et al. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 18, 389\u2013392 (2003).","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"15303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720160044","volume":"24","author":"TS Graziano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graziano, T. S. et al. In vitro effects of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on growth and production of volatile sulphur compounds by oral bacteria. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 24, 582\u2013589 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"15303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00638.x","volume":"52","author":"FC Groppo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Sim\u00f5es, R. P., Fl\u00f3rio, F. M. & Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int. Dent. J. 52, 433\u2013437 (2002).","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"15303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516639276","volume":"28","author":"NPT Innes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Innes, N. P. T. et al. Managing carious lesions: consensus recommendations on terminology. Adv. Dent. Res. 28, 49\u201357 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"15303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(10)70005-1","volume":"38","author":"PD Marsh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D. Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. J. Dent. 38, S11\u2013S15 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2012.524","volume":"212","author":"PD Marsh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D. Contemporary perspective on plaque control. Br. Dent. J. 212, 601\u2013606 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"15303_CR16","first-page":"5","volume":"50","author":"A Moshrefi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moshrefi, A. & Chlorhexidine J. West. Soc. Periodontol Periodontal Abstr 50, 5\u20139 (2002).","journal-title":"J. West. Soc. Periodontol Periodontal Abstr"},{"key":"15303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00768.x","volume":"53","author":"M Addy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Addy, M. & Hunter, M. L. Can tooth brushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues. Int. Dent. J. 53, 177\u2013186 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"15303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.128677","volume":"5","author":"K Bhatt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhatt, K., Karjodkar, F., Sansare, K. & Patil, D. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 5, 89 (2014).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103497","volume":"103","author":"ZLS Brookes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brookes, Z. L. S., Bescos, R., Belfield, L. A., Ali, K. & Roberts, A. Current uses of chlorhexidine for management of oral disease: a narrative review. J. Dent. 103, 103497 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mah, T. F. Establishing the minimal bactericidal concentration of an antimicrobial agent for planktonic cells (MBC-P) and biofilm cells (MBC-B). J. Vis. Exp. e50854 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/50854 (2014).","DOI":"10.3791\/50854"},{"key":"15303_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","volume":"115","author":"S Stepanovi\u0107","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stepanovi\u0107, S. et al. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by Staphylococci. APMIS 115, 891\u2013899 (2007).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"15303_CR22","first-page":"e552","volume":"7","author":"A Salem-Milani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salem-Milani, A., Zand, V., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., Zakeri-Milani, P. & Banifatemeh, A. The effect of protocol for disinfection of extracted teeth recommended by center for disease control (CDC) on microhardness of enamel and dentin. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 7, e552\u2013e556 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, H. T. et al. The Potential Application of Human Gingival Fibroblast-Conditioned Media in Pulp Regeneration: An In Vitro Study. Cells 11, (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213398"},{"key":"15303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Percie du Sert. Reporting animal research: explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol. 18, e3000411 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"15303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28240-0","volume":"8","author":"MK Alam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alam, M. K. et al. Synthetic antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus inhibit caries formation. Sci. Rep. 8, 10173 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"15303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Li, M., Li, X., Yang, J. & Yan, H. An optimized caries model of Streptococcus mutans in rats and its application for evaluating prophylactic vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 20, 2345943 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2345943"},{"key":"15303_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH image to imageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods. 9, 671\u2013675 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"15303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104912","volume":"120","author":"AL Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi, A. L., Sun, G., Zhang, Y. & Grandjean, P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 1362\u20131368 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"15303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116077","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1116077","volume":"14","author":"L Kairey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kairey, L. et al. Efficacy and safety of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for human health-A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1116077 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"15303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.11.017","volume":"57","author":"B Narotzki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Narotzki, B., Reznick, A. Z., Aizenbud, D. & Levy, Y. Green tea: A promising natural product in oral health. Arch. Oral Biol. 57, 429\u2013435 (2012).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"15303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104851","volume":"118","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Inhibitory effects of citrus lemon oil and limonene on Streptococcus sobrinus \u2013 Induced dental caries in rats. Arch. Oral Biol. 118, 104851 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"15303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1703999","volume":"14","author":"F Ripari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ripari, F. et al. Tea tree oil versus chlorhexidine mouthwash in treatment of gingivitis: A pilot randomized, double blinded clinical trial. Eur. J. Dent. 14, 55\u201362 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509346811","volume":"88","author":"K Hojo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hojo, K., Nagaoka, S., Ohshima, T. & Maeda, N. Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm development. J. Dent. Res. 88, 982\u2013990 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"15303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.16140","volume":"2","author":"R Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, R., Li, M. & Gregory, R. L. Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm. Virulence 2, 435 (2011).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"15303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000077756","volume":"38","author":"PD Marsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 38, 204\u2013211 (2004).","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"15303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, P. D. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health 6 Suppl 1, S14 (2006).","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14"},{"key":"15303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000452960","volume":"51","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwendicke, F. et al. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth and biofilm formation by probiotics in vitro. Caries Res. 51, 87\u201395 (2017).","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"15303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00392.x","volume":"114","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Van Palenstein Helderman, W. H., Van\u2019t Hof, M. A. & Truin, G. J. Chlorhexidine varnish for preventing dental caries in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 114, 449\u2013455 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"15303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90109-D","volume":"25","author":"AD Russell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Russell, A. D. & Day, M. J. Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine. J. Hosp. Infect. 25, 229\u2013238 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"15303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2341\/08-3","volume":"33","author":"J Autio-Gold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Autio-Gold, J. The role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention. Oper. Dent. 33, 710\u2013716 (2008).","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"15303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0400-7","volume":"17","author":"M Haydari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haydari, M. et al. Comparing the effect of 0.06% -, 0.12% and 0.2% chlorhexidine on plaque, bleeding and side effects in an experimental gingivitis model: a parallel group, double masked randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 17, 118 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"15303_CR42","first-page":"205","volume":"13","author":"PB Yogesh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yogesh, P. B., Preethi, M., Babu, H. & Malathi, N. Invivo comparative evaluation of tertiary dentin deposit to three different Luting cements a histopathological study. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc. 13, 205\u2013211 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"15303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13064","volume":"52","author":"HF Duncan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duncan, H. F., Cooper, P. R. & Smith, A. J. Dissecting dentine\u2013pulp injury and wound healing responses: consequences for regenerative endodontics. Int. Endod J. 52, 261\u2013266 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"15303_CR44","first-page":"273","volume":"39","author":"AJ Smith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Smith, A. J. et al. Reactionary dentinogenesis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39, 273\u2013280 (1995).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"15303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374010150012101","volume":"15","author":"L Bj\u00f8rndal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rndal, L. Presence or absence of tertiary dentinogenesis in relation to caries progression. Adv. Dent. Res. 15, 80\u201383 (2001).","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"15303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0827-0","volume":"19","author":"AR Youssef","year":"2019","unstructured":"Youssef, A. R. et al. Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide, Biodentine and Emdogain on osteogenesis, odontogenesis, angiogenesis and cell viability of dental pulp stem cells. BMC Oral Health. 19, 133 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"15303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.12.020","volume":"27","author":"L Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, L. et al. The effect of calcium hydroxide on solubilisation of bio-active dentine matrix components. Biomaterials 27, 2865\u20132873 (2006).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15303-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15303-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15303-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:59:43Z","timestamp":1757455183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15303-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15303-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31846"}}