{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:41:40Z","timestamp":1793421700488,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15524-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T02:42:46Z","timestamp":1756003366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gallic acid alleviates hippocampus and cerebellum injuries in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Jafaripour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ahmadvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmaeel","family":"Babaeenezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Esmaeilpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Maneshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Bashiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Asadi-Shekaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"15524_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00382","volume":"11","author":"W Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, W. et al. Xiaochaihutang improves the cortical astrocyte edema in thioacetamide-induced rat acute hepatic encephalopathy by activating NRF2 pathway. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 382 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250","volume":"35","author":"P Ferenci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ferenci, P. et al. Hepatic encephalopathy\u2014definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: Final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 35(3), 716\u2013721 (2002).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-011-0822-5","volume":"354","author":"J Bustamante","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bustamante, J. et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mediator of hippocampal apoptosis in a model of hepatic encephalopathy. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 354(1), 231\u2013240 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"15524_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21180","volume":"43","author":"R Jover","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jover, R. et al. Brain edema and inflammatory activation in bile duct ligated rats with diet-induced hyperammonemia: A model of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 43(6), 1257\u20131266 (2006).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"15524_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135617","volume":"745","author":"S Hajipour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajipour, S. et al. Thymoquinone improves behavioral and biochemical deficits in hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 745, 135617 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"15524_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104444","volume":"105","author":"SM Baraka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baraka, S. M. et al. Flavonoids from Barnebydendron riedelii leaf extract mitigate thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: The interplay of NF-\u03baB\/IL-6 and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways. Bioorg. Chem. 105, 104444 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.05.002","volume":"19","author":"PJ Parekh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parekh, P. J. & Balart, L. A. Ammonia and its role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Clin. Liver Dis. 19(3), 529\u2013537 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8843218","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8843218","volume":"2021","author":"FK El-Baz","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Baz, F. K., Elgohary, R. & Salama, A. Amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy using Dunaliella salina microalgae in rats: Modulation of Hyperammonemia\/TLR4. BioMed Res. Int. 2021(1), 8843218 (2021).","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2019.23.4.263","volume":"23","author":"KW Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon, K. W. et al. Hepatoprotective effect of sodium hydrosulfide on hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 23(4), 263\u2013270 (2019).","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0212","volume":"99","author":"NA Afifi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Afifi, N. A. et al. Synergistic effect of aminoguanidine and l-carnosine against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: Behavioral, biochemical, and ultrastructural evidence. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 99(3), 332\u2013347 (2021).","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934563","volume":"70","author":"B Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, B. et al. The critical role of hippocampal dopamine in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Physiol. Res. 70(1), 101 (2021).","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.05.022","volume":"71","author":"O Braissant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braissant, O. et al. Longitudinal neurometabolic changes in the hippocampus of a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 71(3), 505\u2013515 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"15524_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.02.016","volume":"824","author":"K-C Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, K.-C. et al. Effect of sirolimus on liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy of common bile duct-ligated rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 824, 133\u2013139 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"15524_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0710-8","volume":"13","author":"S Dadsetan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dadsetan, S. et al. Infliximab reduces peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, and extracellular GABA in the cerebellum and improves learning and motor coordination in rats with hepatic encephalopathy. J. Neuroinflammation 13, 1\u201314 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"29","key":"15524_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705070104","volume":"104","author":"S J\u00e4ger","year":"2007","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, S., Handschin, C., Pierre, J. S. & Spiegelman, B. M. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1\u03b1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104(29), 12017\u201312022 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.110122","volume":"574","author":"S Ramamurthy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramamurthy, S. & Ronnett, G. V. Developing a head for energy sensing: AMP-activated protein kinase as a multifunctional metabolic sensor in the brain. J. Physiol. 574(1), 85\u201393 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3350533","volume":"335","author":"IP Salt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Salt, I. P., Johnson, G., Ashcroft, S. J. & Hardie, D. G. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by low glucose in cell lines derived from pancreatic \u03b2 cells, and may regulate insulin release. Biochem. J. 335(3), 533\u2013539 (1998).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"15524_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/01677063.2015.1067203","volume":"29","author":"Y-J Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-J. & Chern, Y. AMPK-mediated regulation of neuronal metabolism and function in brain diseases. J. Neurogenet. 29(2\u20133), 50\u201358 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurogenet."},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9513-8","volume":"29","author":"A Schousboe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schousboe, A., Waagepetersen, H. S., Leke, R. & Bak, L. K. Effects of hyperammonemia on brain energy metabolism: Controversial findings in vivo and in vitro. Metab. Brain Dis. 29(4), 913\u2013917 (2014).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.1.13883","volume":"7","author":"L Vucicevic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vucicevic, L. et al. Compound C induces protective autophagy in cancer cells through AMPK inhibition-independent blockade of Akt\/mTOR pathway. Autophagy 7(1), 40\u201350 (2011).","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.10.001","volume":"36","author":"D-W Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, D.-W., Chang, W.-C., Wu, J.S.-B., Shih, R.-W. & Shen, S.-C. Gallic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Nutr. Res. 36(2), 150\u2013160 (2016).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2010.04.008","volume":"2","author":"JA John","year":"2010","unstructured":"John, J. A. & Shahidi, F. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). J. Funct. Foods 2(3), 196\u2013209 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.10.003","volume":"165","author":"A Abdelwahed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abdelwahed, A. et al. Study of antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of Gallic acid and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-pentagalloylglucose from Pistacia lentiscus: Confirmation by microarray expression profiling. Chem. Biol. Interact. 165(1), 1\u201313 (2007).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1555-0","volume":"17","author":"LA BenSaad","year":"2017","unstructured":"BenSaad, L. A., Kim, K. H., Quah, C. C., Kim, W. R. & Shahimi, M. Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 17(1), 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1354","volume":"156","author":"KV Doan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doan, K. V. et al. Gallic acid regulates body weight and glucose homeostasis through AMPK activation. Endocrinology 156(1), 157\u2013168 (2015).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"15524_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051479","volume":"12","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanaka, M. et al. Gallic acid inhibits lipid accumulation via AMPK pathway and suppresses apoptosis and macrophage-mediated inflammation in hepatocytes. Nutrients 12(5), 1479 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR27","first-page":"425","volume":"12","author":"L Jafaripour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jafaripour, L. et al. The effect of gallic acid on memory and anxiety-like behaviors in rats with bile duct ligation-induced hepatic encephalopathy: Role of AMPK pathway. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 12(4), 425 (2022).","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"issue":"6","key":"15524_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412","volume":"8","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W. J., Cuthill, I. C., Emerson, M. & Altman, D. G. The ARRIVE guidelines animal research: Reporting in vivo experiments. PLoS Biol. 8(6), e1000412 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.30699\/ijmm.16.2.173","volume":"16","author":"Y Alimohamadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alimohamadi, Y. & Sepandi, M. Sample size in animal studies (The number of laboratory animals in a Research study). Iran. J. Med. Microbiol. 16(2), 173\u2013176 (2022).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.094","volume":"205","author":"A Sen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sen, A. et al. Effects of Myrtus communis extract treatment in bile duct ligated rats. J. Surg. Res. 205(2), 359\u2013367 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"15524_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.10.044","volume":"745","author":"GR Gandhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gandhi, G. R. et al. Gallic acid attenuates high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced insulin resistance via partial agonism of PPAR\u03b3 in experimental type 2 diabetic rats and enhances glucose uptake through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K\/p-Akt signaling pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 745, 201\u2013216 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"15524_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100262","volume":"55","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, M. J. et al. Gallic acid, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses \u03b2-amyloid neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55(12), 1798\u20131808 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"15524_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2014.08.002","volume":"108","author":"S Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, D. S., Kang, S. & Shin, B. K. Chronic activation of central AMPK attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and exacerbates hepatic insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Brain Res. Bull. 108, 18\u201326 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"15524_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1653867","volume":"129","author":"M Zarei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zarei, M., Mohammadi, S., Jabbari, S. & Shahidi, S. Intracerebroventricular microinjection of kaempferol on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in rats: Involvement of cholinergic mechanism (s). Int. J. Neurosci. 129(12), 1203\u20131212 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"15524_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.03.002","volume":"70","author":"S Dhanda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanda, S., Gupta, S., Halder, A., Sunkaria, A. & Sandhir, R. Systemic inflammation without gliosis mediates cognitive deficits through impaired BDNF expression in bile duct ligation model of hepatic encephalopathy. Brain Behav. Immun. 70, 214\u2013232 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"15524_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-268-X:9","volume-title":"The Bradford method for protein quantitation","author":"N Kruger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kruger, N. The Bradford method for protein quantitation (Humana Press, Totowa, 1994)."},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR37","first-page":"571","volume":"25","author":"H Ahmadvand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmadvand, H., Bagheri, S., Khosrobeigi, A. & Boshtam, M. Effects of olive leaves extract on LDL oxidation induced-CUSO 4 in vitro. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 25(3), 571\u2013575 (2012).","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"15524_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.15.1481","volume":"97","author":"A Gries","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gries, A. et al. Inhaled nitric oxide inhibits human platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and fibrinogen binding in vitro and in vivo. Circulation 97(15), 1481\u20131487 (1998).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"15524_CR39","first-page":"338","volume":"27","author":"S Dadpisheh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dadpisheh, S., Ahmadvand, H., Jafaripour, L., Shati, H. & Bagheri, S. Effect of troxerutin on oxidative stress induced by sciatic nerve ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci. 27, 338\u2013347 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR40","first-page":"164","volume":"15","author":"AR Khalatbary","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khalatbary, A. R. & Ahmadvand, H. Effect of oleuropein on tissue myeloperoxidase activity in experimental spinal cord trauma. Iran. Biomed. J. 15(4), 164 (2011).","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"15524_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.378","volume":"1","author":"I Rahman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rahman, I., Kode, A. & Biswas, S. K. Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nat. Protoc. 1(6), 3159\u20133165 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"15524_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1982.tb04949.x","volume":"47","author":"V DeVore","year":"1982","unstructured":"DeVore, V. & Greene, B. Glutathione peroxidase in post-rigor bovine Semitendinosus muscle. J. Food Sci. 47(5), 1406\u20131409 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"15524_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","volume":"105","author":"H Aebi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aebi, H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105, 121\u2013126 (1984).","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"9","key":"15524_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.e36","volume":"30","author":"MW Pfaffl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pfaffl, M. W., Horgan, G. W. & Dempfle, L. Relative expression software tool (REST\u00a9) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 30(9), e36 (2002).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2019.2.43","volume":"6","author":"M Golshani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golshani, M., Basiri, M., Shabani, M., Aghaei, I. & Asadi-Shekaari, M. Effects of erythropoietin on bile duct ligation-induced neuro-inflammation in male rats. AIMS Neurosci. 6(2), 43 (2019).","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0136-8","volume":"33","author":"S Dhanda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhanda, S., Sunkaria, A., Halder, A. & Sandhir, R. Mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to energy deficits in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab. Brain Dis. 33(1), 209\u2013223 (2018).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"15524_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7628522","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7628522","volume":"1","author":"SY Cheon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheon, S. Y., Jo, D., Kim, Y.-K. & Song, J. Long noncoding RNAs regulate hyperammonemia-induced neuronal damage in hepatic encephalopathy. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 1, 7628522 (2022).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"8","key":"15524_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103059","volume":"12","author":"T Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu, T. et al. Quercetin ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy through SIRT1\/ER stress pathway in db\/db mice. Aging (Albany NY) 12(8), 7015 (2020).","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"3","key":"15524_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.08.001","volume":"8","author":"R Ochoa-Sanchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ochoa-Sanchez, R. & Rose, C. F. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 8(3), 262\u2013271 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"15524_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.011","volume":"178","author":"K Pierzchala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pierzchala, K. et al. Central nervous system and systemic oxidative stress interplay with inflammation in a bile duct ligation rat model of type C hepatic encephalopathy. Free Radical Biol. Med. 178, 295\u2013307 (2022).","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"key":"15524_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111084","volume":"135","author":"B Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, B. et al. Babao Dan improves neurocognitive function by inhibiting inflammation in clinical minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Biomed. Pharmacother. 135, 111084 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"9","key":"15524_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2010.139","volume":"31","author":"NA Shirwany","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shirwany, N. A. & Zou, M.-H. AMPK in cardiovascular health and disease. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 31(9), 1075\u20131084 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"15524_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Miao Z, Ding L, Bao J, Teng X. Ammonia-induced energy metabolism disorder and autophagy via AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1 pathway in chicken livers (2020).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-114503\/v1"},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1159\/000430319","volume":"36","author":"D Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Stimulation of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling to improve bone development by naringin via interacting with AMPK and Akt. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 36(4), 1563\u20131576 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"15524_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.135721","volume":"749","author":"S Rashtiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rashtiani, S., Goudarzi, I., Jafari, A. & Rohampour, K. Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is essential for the memory improving effect of adiponectin. Neurosci. Lett. 749, 135721 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16656201","volume":"37","author":"X Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi, X. et al. Sestrin2, as a negative feedback regulator of mTOR, provides neuroprotection by activation AMPK phosphorylation in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rat pups. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 37(4), 1447\u20131460 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"15524_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102266","volume":"9","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Obinata, H., Konishi, A., Yamagiwa, N. & Tsuneoka, M. Production of ROS by gallic acid activates KDM2A to reduce rRNA transcription. Cells 9(10), 2266 (2020).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.22186","volume":"75","author":"A Diaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diaz, A. et al. Gallic acid improves recognition memory and decreases oxidative-inflammatory damage in the rat hippocampus with metabolic syndrome. Synapse 75(2), e22186 (2021).","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"15524_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02893064","volume":"20","author":"K Reshma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reshma, K., Ashalatha, V. R., Dinesh, M. & Vasudevan, D. Effect of ocimum flavonoids as a radioprotector on the erythrocyte antioxidants in oral cancer. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 20, 160\u2013164 (2005).","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"15524_CR60","first-page":"8","volume":"21","author":"M Rashidi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rashidi, M. et al. Effects of vitamin E and zinc supplementation on antioxidants in beta thalassemia major patients. Iran. J. Pediatr. 21(1), 8 (2011).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"15524_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110985","volume":"133","author":"J Bai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bai, J. et al. Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 133, 110985 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"10","key":"15524_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14189","volume":"53","author":"F Alt\u0131nda\u011f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alt\u0131nda\u011f, F. & Meydan, \u0130. Evaluation of protective effects of gallic acid on cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal damage. Andrologia 53(10), e14189 (2021).","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"15524_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0275-2","volume":"24","author":"A Hasanvand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hasanvand, A. et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of AMPK signaling pathway in rat model of diabetic neuropathy. Inflammopharmacology 24(5), 207\u2013219 (2016).","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"15524_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07076-9","volume":"27","author":"H MirshekariJahangiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"MirshekariJahangiri, H., Sarkaki, A., Farbood, Y., Dianat, M. & Goudarzi, G. Gallic acid affects blood-brain barrier permeability, behaviors, hippocampus local EEG, and brain oxidative stress in ischemic rats exposed to dusty particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27(5), 5281\u20135292 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"15524_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2136","volume":"71","author":"S Ghanaatgar-Kasbi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghanaatgar-Kasbi, S. et al. AMP-kinase inhibitor dorsomorphin reduces the proliferation and migration behavior of colorectal cancer cells by targeting the AKT\/mTOR pathway. IUBMB Life 71(12), 1929\u20131936 (2019).","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"15524_CR66","first-page":"702","volume":"54","author":"DDT Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le, D. D. T. et al. Inhibitory role of AMP-activated protein kinase in necroptosis of HCT116 colon cancer cells with p53 null mutation under nutrient starvation. Int. J. Oncol. 54(2), 702\u2013712 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"15524_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1159\/000489154","volume":"46","author":"R Kosuru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kosuru, R. et al. AMPK contributes to cardioprotective effects of pterostilbene against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by suppressing cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 46(4), 1381\u20131397 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15524-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15524-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15524-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T14:00:14Z","timestamp":1757426414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15524-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15524-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All the stages of working with animals were approved by the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran (approval number: IR.KMU.REC.1399.470).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"31080"}}