{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:40:27Z","timestamp":1759365627202,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["118C535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118C535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>, a major vector of tick-borne pathogens in Europe, exhibits considerable geographic variation in genetic structure and vector competence. This study investigates genome-wide polymorphism and population structure in <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> populations from T\u00fcrkiye -where tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is not endemic\u2014compared to populations from Germany and Algeria, for which genomic data are publicly available. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 15 individuals from four geographically distinct Turkish populations and evaluated with German and Algerian samples available in GenBank. Principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE clustering revealed clear genetic separation between Turkish and German populations. Genomic diversity scans identified 37 highly differentiated genomic regions, several of which contained genes associated with detoxification, lipid metabolism, chemosensory processes, and ion transport\u2014functions relevant to vectorial capacity and local adaptation. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses supported these findings, highlighting overrepresentation of carotene and terpene metabolism pathways. Notably, Turkish populations exhibited more admixture and heterogeneity than the genetically homogeneous German population. These results highlight region-specific genomic differentiation in <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>, which may influence ecological interactions and vector-associated traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15640-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:01:00Z","timestamp":1759309260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide insights into genetic diversity of endemic and non-endemic Ixodes ricinus populations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Olcay","family":"Hekimo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail Kudret","family":"Sa\u011flam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"15640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.11.007","volume":"8","author":"S Casati","year":"2008","unstructured":"Casati, S., Bernasconi, M. V., Gern, L. & Piffaretti, J.-C. Assessment of intraspecific mtDNA variability of European Ixodes ricinus sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae). Infect. Genet. Evol. 8, 152\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.11.007 (2008).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"15640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0452:MPAITT]2.0.CO;2","volume":"89","author":"G Xu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Xu, G., Fang, Q. Q., Keirans, J. E. & Durden, L. A. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Ixodes ricinus complex is a paraphyletic group. J. Parasitol. 89, 452\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/0022-3395(2003)089[0452:MPAITT]2.0.CO;2 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"15640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101682","volume":"12","author":"J Gray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gray, J., Kahl, O. & Zintl, A. What do we still need to know about Ixodes ricinus?. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 12, 101682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101682 (2021).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05641-9","volume":"16","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2023","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Guglielmone, A. A. & Nava, S. Worldwide host associations of the tick genus Ixodes suggest relationships based on environmental sharing rather than on co-phylogenetic events. Parasit. Vectors 16, 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05641-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"15640_CR5","first-page":"341","volume":"2","author":"JE Keirans","year":"1999","unstructured":"Keirans, J. E., Needham, G. R. & Oliver, J. H. Jr. The Ixodes ricinus complex worldwide: Diagnosis of the species in the complex, hosts and distribution. Acarol. IX 2, 341\u2013347 (1999).","journal-title":"Acarol. IX"},{"key":"15640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102402","volume":"15","author":"J Gray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gray, J., Kahl, O. & Zintl, A. Pathogens transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 15, 102402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102402 (2024).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251","author":"A Rizzoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rizzoli, A. et al. Ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: New hazards and relevance for public health. Front. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"15640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.08.016","volume":"10","author":"AM Al-Khafaji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Khafaji, A. M. et al. Multi-locus sequence typing of Ixodes ricinus and its symbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii across Europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in Scotland. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 10, 52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.08.016 (2019).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.10.001","volume":"5","author":"RE Dinnis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dinnis, R. E. et al. Multilocus sequence typing using mitochondrial genes (mtMLST) reveals geographic population structure of Ixodes ricinus ticks. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 5, 152\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.10.001 (2014).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.010","volume":"41","author":"R Noureddine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noureddine, R., Chauvin, A. & Plantard, O. Lack of genetic structure among Eurasian populations of the tick Ixodes ricinus contrasts with marked divergence from north-African populations. Int. J. Parasitol. 41, 183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.08.010 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"15640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101509","volume":"11","author":"P Poli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poli, P. et al. Strong genetic structure among populations of the tick Ixodes ricinus across its range. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 11, 101509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101509 (2020).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167450","volume":"11","author":"KH R\u00f8ed","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00f8ed, K. H., Kvie, K. S., Hasle, G., Gilbert, L. & Leinaas, H. P. Phylogenetic lineages and postglacial dispersal dynamics characterize the genetic structure of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Northwest Europe. PLoS ONE 11, e0167450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0167450 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6001\/biologija.v59i2.2753","author":"E Galdikait\u0117","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galdikait\u0117, E., Banaityt\u0117, A., Paulauskas, A., Radzijevskaja, J. & Golovljova, I. Investigation genetic diversity of Ixodes ricinus based on four microsatellite loci. Biologija https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6001\/biologija.v59i2.2753 (2013).","journal-title":"Biologija"},{"key":"15640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.003","volume":"5","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Nava, S. & Petney, T. Description of all the stages of Ixodes inopinatus n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 5, 734\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.05.003 (2014).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.08.009","volume":"10","author":"MV Murgia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murgia, M. V. et al. Meeting the challenge of tick-borne disease control: A proposal for 1000 Ixodes genomes. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 10, 213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.08.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.06.007","volume":"53","author":"RE Rollins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rollins, R. E. et al. German Ixodes inopinatus samples may not actually represent this tick species. Int. J. Parasitol. 53, 751\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2023.06.007 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"15640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321992","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2321992","volume":"13","author":"JW Bakker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakker, J. W. et al. Differential susceptibility of geographically distinct Ixodes ricinus populations to tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 13, 2321992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2024.2321992 (2024).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"15640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71920-z","volume":"10","author":"K Liebig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liebig, K. et al. Tick populations from endemic and non-endemic areas in Germany show differential susceptibility to TBEV. Sci. Rep. 10, 15478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71920-z (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"15640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"evad230","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad230","volume":"16","author":"A McGaughran","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGaughran, A. et al. Genomic tools in biological invasions: current state and future frontiers. Genome Biol. Evol. 16, evad230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evad230 (2024).","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"1483676","key":"15640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1483676","volume":"15","author":"GL Wallau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallau, G. L., Simoes-Barbosa, A. & Campos, T. D. L. Genomics of pathogens and vectors. Front. Genet. 15(1483676), 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2024.1483676 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"15640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10507","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10507","volume":"7","author":"M Gulia-Nuss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gulia-Nuss, M. et al. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease. Nat. Commun. 7, 10507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10507 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"15640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2008-9","volume":"10","author":"WJ Cramaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cramaro, W. J., Hunewald, O. E., Bell-Sakyi, L. & Muller, C. P. Genome scaffolding and annotation for the pathogen vector Ixodes ricinus by ultra-long single molecule sequencing. Parasit. Vectors 10, 71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2008-9 (2017).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"15640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1981-7","volume":"16","author":"WJ Cramaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cramaro, W. J. et al. Integration of Ixodes ricinus genome sequencing with transcriptome and proteome annotation of the na\u00efve midgut. BMC Genomics 16, 871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12864-015-1981-7 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"15640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01275-w","volume":"55","author":"S De","year":"2023","unstructured":"De, S. et al. A high-quality Ixodes scapularis genome advances tick science. Nat. Genet. 55, 301\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-022-01275-w (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"15640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302109","author":"AB Nuss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nuss, A. B. et al. The highly improved genome of Ixodes scapularis with X and Y pseudochromosomes. Life Sci. Alliance https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26508\/lsa.202302109 (2023).","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"15640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-025-02121-1","volume":"23","author":"A Cerqueira de Araujo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cerqueira de Araujo, A. et al. Genome sequences of four Ixodes species expands understanding of tick evolution. BMC Biol. 23, 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12915-025-02121-1 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"15640_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ronai, I. et al. The repetitive genome of the Ixodes ricinus tick reveals transposable elements have driven genome evolution in ticks. 2024.03.13.584159 Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.13.584159 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.13.584159"},{"key":"15640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100229","volume":"6","author":"VO Baede","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baede, V. O. et al. Similarities between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes inopinatus genomes and horizontal gene transfer from their endosymbionts. Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector-Borne Dis. 6, 100229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100229 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00507-25","author":"Lesiczka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lesiczka, et al. Deep sequencing of 16 Ixodes ricinus ticks unveils insights into their interactions with endosymbionts. mSystems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00507-25 (2025).","journal-title":"mSystems."},{"key":"15640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01276-1","volume":"10","author":"AI Krawczyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krawczyk, A. I. et al. Quantitative microbial population study reveals geographical differences in bacterial symbionts of Ixodes ricinus. Microbiome 10, 120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-022-01276-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"15640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.9775\/kvfd.2010.3545","volume":"17","author":"A Gargili","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gargili, A., Kar, S., Yilmazer, N., Erg\u00f6n\u00fcl, \u00d6. & Vatansever, Z. Different abundances of human-Biying ticks in two Neighboring Provinces in Turkey. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 17(Suppl A), S93\u2013S97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9775\/kvfd.2010.3545 (2011).","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"15640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-022-00750-7","volume":"88","author":"O Hekimo\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hekimo\u011flu, O. Phylogenetic placement of Turkish populations of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes inopinatus. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 88, 179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00750-7 (2022).","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"15640_CR33","first-page":"2245","volume":"22","author":"S Kar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kar, S., Yilmazer, N., Akyildiz, G. & Gargili, A. The human infesting ticks in the city of Istanbul and its vicinity with reference to a new species for Turkey. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 22, 2245\u20132255 (2017).","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"15640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0809-z","volume":"102","author":"Z Vatansever","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vatansever, Z., Gargili, A., Aysul, N. S., Sengoz, G. & Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A. Ticks biting humans in the urban area of Istanbul. Parasitol. Res. 102, 551\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-007-0809-z (2008).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"15640_CR35","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A. Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region: A Guide to Identification of Species. (University of Zaragoza, 2004)."},{"key":"15640_CR36","volume-title":"Ticks of Europe and North Africa: A Guide to Species Identification","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, A., Mihalca, A. D. & Petney, T. N. Ticks of Europe and North Africa: A Guide to Species Identification (Springer, 2018)."},{"key":"15640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1147","volume":"3","author":"AD Ammazzalorso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ammazzalorso, A. D., Zolnik, C. P., Daniels, T. J. & Kolokotronis, S.-O. To beat or not to beat a tick: comparison of DNA extraction methods for ticks (Ixodes scapularis). PeerJ 3, e1147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.1147 (2015).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"15640_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"15640_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","volume":"10","author":"P Danecek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. GigaScience 10, giab008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008 (2021).","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"15640_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-014-0356-4","volume":"15","author":"TS Korneliussen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korneliussen, T. S., Albrechtsen, A. & Nielsen, R. ANGSD: Analysis of next generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinform. 15, 356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-014-0356-4 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"15640_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.277525.122","volume":"33","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z., Meisner, J. & Albrechtsen, A. Fast and accurate out-of-core PCA framework for large scale biobank data. Genome Res. 33, 1599\u20131608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.277525.122 (2023).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"15640_CR42","unstructured":"Team, R. C. A language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1370298757441457025 (2021)."},{"key":"15640_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham, H. Data Analysis. In ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (ed. Wickham, H.) 189\u2013201 (Springer, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9."},{"key":"15640_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.154138","volume":"195","author":"L Skotte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skotte, L., Korneliussen, T. S. & Albrechtsen, A. Estimating individual admixture proportions from next generation sequencing data. Genetics 195, 693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/genetics.113.154138 (2013).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"15640_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/519795 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"15640_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-289","volume":"14","author":"TS Korneliussen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Korneliussen, T. S., Moltke, I., Albrechtsen, A. & Nielsen, R. Calculation of Tajima\u2019s D and other neutrality test statistics from low depth next-generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinform. 14, 289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-289 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"15640_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","volume":"16","author":"G Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu, G., Wang, L.-G., Han, Y. & He, Q.-Y. clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS J. Integr. Biol. 16, 284\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/omi.2011.0118 (2012).","journal-title":"OMICS J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"15640_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16921","volume":"32","author":"JC Frederick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frederick, J. C. et al. Phylogeography of the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) throughout the USA identifies candidate loci for differences in vectorial capacity. Mol. Ecol. 32, 3133\u20133149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.16921 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"15640_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70987","volume":"15","author":"J Cassens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cassens, J. et al. Whole genome sequencing reveals clade-specific genetic variation in blacklegged ticks. Ecol. Evol. 15, e70987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.70987 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"15640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06530-z","volume":"17","author":"O Hekimo\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hekimo\u011flu, O. & Sa\u011flam, \u0130K. High Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever incidence linked to greater genetic diversity and differentiation in Hyalomma marginatum populations in T\u00fcrkiye. Parasit. Vectors 17, 477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-024-06530-z (2024).","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"15640_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw080","volume":"8","author":"JD Monz\u00f3n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monz\u00f3n, J. D., Atkinson, E. G., Henn, B. M. & Benach, J. L. Population and evolutionary genomics of Amblyomma americanum, an expanding arthropod disease vector. Genome Biol. Evol. 8, 1351\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evw080 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"15640_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11415","volume":"14","author":"TY Alale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alale, T. Y. et al. Genomic signatures of hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus in natural populations. Ecol. Evol. 14, e11415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11415 (2024).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"15640_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.09.005","volume":"7","author":"SY Kovalev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovalev, S. Y., Golovljova, I. V. & Mukhacheva, T. A. Natural hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks evidenced by molecular genetics methods. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 7, 113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.09.005 (2016).","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"15640_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104484","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1104484","volume":"13","author":"OA Belova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Belova, O. A., Polienko, A. E., Averianova, A. D. & Karganova, G. G. Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 13, 1104484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1104484 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"15640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.47121\/acarolstud.706768","volume":"2","author":"A Bursal\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bursal\u0131, A., Tekin, \u015e & Keskin, A. A contribution to the tick (Acari: Ixodidae) fauna of Turkey: The first record of Ixodes inopinatus Estrada-Pe\u00f1a, Nava & Petney. Acarol. Stud. 2, 126\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47121\/acarolstud.706768 (2020).","journal-title":"Acarol. Stud."},{"key":"15640_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab181","volume":"59","author":"HS Ginsberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ginsberg, H. S. et al. Selective host attachment by Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae): Tick-lizard associations in the Southeastern United States. J. Med. Entomol. 59, 267\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjab181 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"15640_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001066","volume":"19","author":"HS Ginsberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ginsberg, H. S. et al. Why Lyme disease is common in the northern US, but rare in the south: The roles of host choice, host-seeking behavior, and tick density. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001066 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"15640_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12002","volume":"15","author":"T Poisot","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poisot, T., Canard, E., Mouillot, D., Mouquet, N. & Gravel, D. The dissimilarity of species interaction networks. Ecol. Lett. 15, 1353\u20131361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.12002 (2012).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15640-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15640-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15640-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:01:10Z","timestamp":1759309270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15640-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15640-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"34199"}}