{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:06:56Z","timestamp":1791317216084,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In this work, SiCN thin films were deposited on p-Si (100) substrate using a thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process. The mechanical behavior of the thin film was characterized using the nanoindentation technique, where the load was varied from 1 to 4 mN, to understand the influence of load variation on the load-displacement response. Additionally, an experimentally validated FE model, incorporating an elast-plastic material response of the thin film, was developed to understand localized stress distribution and fracture behavior. The fracture behavior is examined through two modes: (a) cracking and interfacial delamination during the nano-indentation test and (b) the peel test. The FE model revealed that in the case of the weak cohesive interface between SiCN and Si, the interfacial failure initiates at a critical displacement of <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:tex-math>$$\\sim$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> 110 nm. During the peel test, it was observed that the critical fracture energy of the interface plays a significant role in the interface debonding. These finding highlights the strong dependence of the mechanical integrity of the SiCN thin film on the applied load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15659-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T16:09:39Z","timestamp":1756397379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimentally validated finite element model for mechanical and fracture characteristics of SiCN thin films under different loads"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dhruva","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Hirshikesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan Kumar","family":"Ghadai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"15659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2014.08.027","volume":"569","author":"V Ivashchenko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivashchenko, V. et al. Characterization of SiCN thin films: Experimental and theoretical investigations. Thin Solid Films 569, 57\u201363 (2014).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"15659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/3527605622.ch38","volume-title":"High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites","author":"O Goerke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goerke, O., Feike, E. & Schubert, H. Polymer-spraying as a deposition technique for cmcs. In High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (eds Krenkel, W. et al.) 236\u2013239 (Wiley, 2001)."},{"key":"15659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2008.06.126","volume":"202","author":"H Hoche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoche, H., Allebrandt, D., Bruns, M., Riedel, R. & Fasel, C. Relationship of chemical and structural properties with the tribological behavior of sputtered SiCN films. Surf. Coat. Technol. 202, 5567\u20135571 (2008).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"15659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(00)00010-8","volume":"20","author":"C Haluschka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haluschka, C., Kleebe, H.-J., Franke, R. & Riedel, R. Silicon carbonitride ceramics derived from polysilazanes part i investigation of compositional and structural properties. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 20, 1355\u20131364 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"15659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.01.042","volume":"41","author":"L Ribeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ribeiro, L. et al. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on the oxidation resistance of carbon-rich SiCN ceramics derived from reaction of silazanes with acrylonitrile. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41, 3285\u20133291 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"15659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-021-01631-1","volume":"14","author":"S Das","year":"2022","unstructured":"Das, S., Kumar, D., Borah, R., Dutta, A. & Guha, S. Impact of elevated temperature over different properties of CVD SiCN coating developed in nitrogen gas atmosphere. Silicon 14, 9643\u20139657 (2022).","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"15659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(00)01277-3","volume":"377","author":"D Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Gao, Y., Wei, J. & Mo, Z. Influence of silane partial pressure on the properties of amorphous SiCN films prepared by ECR-CVD. Thin Solid Films 377, 607\u2013610 (2000).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"15659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aaa939","volume":"29","author":"D Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, D., Aluguri, R., Chand, U. & Tseng, T.-Y. Conductive bridge random access memory characteristics of SiCN based transparent device due to indium diffusion. Nanotechnology 29, 125202 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"15659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.05.054","volume":"39","author":"J Niu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niu, J. et al. Thermal stability and nanostructure evolution of amorphous SiCN ceramics during laser ablation in an argon atmosphere. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39, 4535\u20134544 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"15659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-08-2024-0728","volume":"45","author":"L Devaraj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devaraj, L., Thaarini, S., Athish, R. R. & Ashokan, V. Probing (2d) thin-film temperature sensors materials and fabrication perspective. Sens. Rev. 45, 258\u2013274 (2025).","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"15659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-022-01763-y","volume":"14","author":"N Radhika","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radhika, N. & Sathish, M. A review on Si-based ceramic matrix composites and their infiltration based techniques. Silicon 14, 10141\u201310171 (2022).","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"15659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12111767","volume":"12","author":"E Ermakova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ermakova, E. et al. Chemical structure, optical and dielectric properties of pecvd SiCN films obtained from novel precursor. Coatings 12, 1767 (2022).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"15659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2025.116751","volume":"160","author":"A Kozak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kozak, A. et al. The low-temperature photoluminescence of thin pecvd si-c-n-h films: An effect of hydrogenation. Opt. Mater. 160, 116751 (2025).","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"15659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.03.078","volume":"789","author":"D Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, D. & Swain, B. P. Investigation of structural and mechanical properties of silicon carbonitride thin films. J. Alloys Compd. 789, 295\u2013302 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"15659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149121","volume":"546","author":"Q Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Blue-violet emission of silicon carbonitride thin films prepared by sputtering and annealing treatment. Appl. Surf. Sci. 546, 149121 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"15659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.04.095","volume":"205","author":"C Pusch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pusch, C. et al. Influence of the pvd sputtering method on structural characteristics of SiCN-coatings-Comparison of RF, DC and HiPIMS sputtering and target configurations. Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, S119\u2013S123 (2011).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"15659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ad83d9","volume":"36","author":"W-S Ko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ko, W.-S. et al. Effect of sicn thin film interlayer for zno-based rram. Nanotechnology 36, 065201 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"15659_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2016.11.004","volume":"102","author":"A Grashchenko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grashchenko, A., Kukushkin, S., Osipov, A. & Redkov, A. Nanoindentation of gan\/sic thin films on silicon substrate. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 102, 151\u2013156 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"15659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6636(92)90037-E","volume":"13","author":"T Nakamura","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nakamura, T. & Kamath, S. M. Three-dimensional effects in thin film fracture mechanics. Mech. Mater. 13, 67\u201377 (1992).","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"15659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2023.112349","volume":"279","author":"SA Abbaszadeh-Fathabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbaszadeh-Fathabadi, S. A., Alinia, Y. & G\u00fcler, M. A. On the mechanics of a double thin film on a finite thickness substrate. Int. J. Solids Struct. 279, 112349 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"15659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.125902","volume":"394","author":"V Kathavate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kathavate, V. & Deshpande, P. Role of nano TiO2 and nano Zno particles on enhancing the electrochemical and mechanical properties of electrochemically deposited phosphate coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 394, 125902 (2020).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"15659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.03.018","volume":"200","author":"AC Fischer-Cripps","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fischer-Cripps, A. C. Critical review of analysis and interpretation of nanoindentation test data. Surf. Coat. Technol. 200, 4153\u20134165 (2006).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"15659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11216-6","volume":"12","author":"J-W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, J.-W. et al. Application of nanoindentation technology in testing the mechanical properties of skull materials. Sci. Rep. 12, 8717 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"15659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101907","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4820782","volume":"103","author":"XL Bian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bian, X. L. et al. Shear avalanches in metallic glasses under nanoindentation: Deformation units and rate dependent strain burst cut-off. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 101907 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"15659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2017.05.023","volume":"470","author":"M Hur\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hur\u00e1kov\u00e1, M. et al. Influence of loading rate on the mechanical performance of metallic glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 470, 160\u2013167 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"15659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.10.034","volume":"9","author":"KP Marimuthu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marimuthu, K. P., Lee, K., Han, J., Rickhey, F. & Lee, H. Nanoindentation of zirconium based bulk metallic glass and its nanomechanical properties. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9, 104\u2013114 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"15659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.09.054","volume":"42","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta, A. K. et al. Evaluation of elasto-plastic properties of ito film using combined nanoindentation and finite element approach. Ceram. Int. 42, 1225\u20131233 (2016).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"15659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12572-020-00279-1","volume":"13","author":"V Kathavate","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kathavate, V., Sonagara, H., Kumar, B. P., Singh, I. & Prasad, K. E. Role of domain configurations on the mechanistic modelling of indentation size effects (ise) in nanohardness of hard and soft pzt piezoceramics. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. Appl. Math. 13, 63\u201378 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. Appl. Math."},{"key":"15659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3425379","volume":"94","author":"C Hardy","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hardy, C., Baronet, C.-N. & Tordion, G.-V. The indentation of an elastic-perfectly-plastic half-space by a hard sphere. J. Basic Eng. 94, 251\u2013253 (1972).","journal-title":"J. Basic Eng."},{"key":"15659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2012.05.011","volume":"62","author":"J Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang, J., Becker, A. & Sun, W. Determining elastic\u2013plastic properties from indentation data obtained from finite element simulations and experimental results. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 62, 34\u201346 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"15659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.05.017","volume":"37","author":"Y Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Liao, N., Zhang, M. & Li, F. Evaluation of the elastic-plastic properties of SiCN coating system by finite element simulations. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 37, 3891\u20133897 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"15659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(88)90039-X","volume":"24","author":"A Bhattacharya","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, A. & Nix, W. Finite element simulation of indentation experiments. Int. J. Solids Struct. 24, 881\u2013891 (1988).","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"15659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(97)00739-6","volume":"312","author":"M Lichinchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lichinchi, M., Lenardi, C., Haupt, J. & Vitali, R. Simulation of Berkovich nanoindentation experiments on thin films using finite element method. Thin Solid Films 312, 240\u2013248 (1998).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"15659_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2015.1029171","volume":"23","author":"AS Shedbale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shedbale, A. S., Singh, I. V., Mishra, B. K. & Sharma, K. Evaluation of mechanical properties using spherical ball indentation and coupled finite element\u2013element-free galerkin approach. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 23, 832\u2013843 (2016).","journal-title":"Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"15659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(94)90094-9","volume":"31","author":"A Akisanya","year":"1994","unstructured":"Akisanya, A. & Fleck, N. The edge cracking and decohesion of thin films. Int. J. Solids Struct. 31, 3175\u20133199 (1994).","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"15659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2004.19.1.3","volume":"19","author":"WC Oliver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oliver, W. C. & Pharr, G. M. Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology. J. Mater. Res. 19, 3\u201320 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"15659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102495","volume":"28","author":"V Kathavate","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kathavate, V., Sonagara, H., Kumar, B. P., Singh, I. & Prasad, K. E. Tailoring nanomechanical properties of hard and soft pzt piezoceramics via domain engineering by selective annealing. Mater. Today Commun. 28, 102495 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"15659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2010.0098","volume":"25","author":"LA Berla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berla, L. A., Allen, A. M., Han, S. M. & Nix, W. D. A physically based model for indenter tip shape calibration for nanoindentation. J. Mater. Res. 25, 735\u2013745 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"15659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.01.155","volume":"46","author":"V Kathavate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kathavate, V., Kumar, B. P., Singh, I. & Prasad, K. E. Effect of sub and above-curie temperature annealing on the nanomechanical properties of pmn-pt piezoceramics. Ceram. Int. 46, 12876\u201312883 (2020).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"15659_CR40","unstructured":"Smith, M. ABAQUS\/Standard User\u2019s Manual, Version 6.9 (Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp, United States, 2009)."},{"key":"15659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3779-6","volume":"86","author":"T Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, T., Fang, T. & Lin, Y. Analysis of the substrate effects of strain-hardening thin films on silicon under nanoindentation. Appl. Phys. A 86, 335\u2013341 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"15659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2002.0386","volume":"17","author":"G Pharr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pharr, G. & Bolshakov, A. Understanding nanoindentation unloading curves. J. Mater. Res. 17, 2660\u20132671 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"15659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1992.1564","volume":"7","author":"WC Oliver","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oliver, W. C. & Pharr, G. M. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. J. Mater. Res. 7, 1564\u20131583 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"15659_CR44","first-page":"2237","volume":"69","author":"A Kleinbichler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kleinbichler, A. et al. New insights into nanoindentation-based adhesion testing. J. Miner. 69, 2237\u20132245 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Miner."},{"key":"15659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.06.002","volume":"4","author":"R Lucchini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucchini, R. et al. Role of damage mechanics in nanoindentation of lamellar bone at multiple sizes: Experiments and numerical modeling. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4, 1852\u20131863 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"15659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.111462","volume":"241","author":"J-Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, J.-Y., Huang, Y., Nguyen, V. P. & Mandal, T. K. Crack nucleation and propagation in the phase-field cohesive zone model with application to hertzian indentation fracture. Int. J. Solids Struct. 241, 111462 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15659-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15659-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15659-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T20:33:07Z","timestamp":1757449987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15659-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15659-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31759"}}