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Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed a significant enhancement in polarity (29.19 Debye) and a reduced energy gap (0.019\u00a0eV) for the composite compared to CS-CMC, indicating improved molecular interactions and enhanced charge transfer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a surface with smaller, more uniform pores (11.93\u201325.45\u00a0\u03bcm), increasing surface area and enhancing sensing capabilities. The N\u2013CDs-CS-CMC film exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with inhibition zones of 20, 22, and 19\u00a0mm, respectively, and demonstrated distinct fluorescence patterns upon bacterial interaction, enabling pathogen-specific detection. Incorporating beetroot (BR) within N\u2013CDs preparation method rendered the film pH-responsive, showing color changes from brown\/reddish in alkaline to yellow in acidic environments. Tomatoes wrapped with the N\u2013CDs-CS-CMC film exhibited a 10-day shelf life, compared to 4 days for CS-CMC. Furthermore, the film underwent rapid decolorization to yellow and increased tomato translucency upon exposure to chromium, indicating its potential for heavy metal detection. These results demonstrate the N\u2013CDs-CS-CMC film\u2019s efficacy as a multifunctional material for enhanced food packaging, integrating antimicrobial properties, bacterial and chromium sensing, and pH monitoring for improved food safety and quality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15663-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T15:58:29Z","timestamp":1755532709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Beet root carbon dots cellulose sulfate film as a novel naked eye pH sensor for chromium and bacterial detection in tomatoes\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hebat-Allah S.","family":"Tohamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"15663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2022.2115890","volume":"104","author":"Sweta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sweta & Singh, B. 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