{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:00:56Z","timestamp":1790787656759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15774-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1759309737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Energy metabolism characteristics of sprinters in speed endurance training with different intermittent rest periods"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yingxiong","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiliu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"15774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0181","volume":"51","author":"M Mohr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohr, M. & Krustrup, P. Comparison between two types of anaerobic speed endurance training in competitive soccer players. J. Hum. Kinet. 51(1), 183\u2013192 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"15774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01193.x","volume":"20","author":"FM Iaia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iaia, F. M. & Bangsbo, J. Speed endurance training is a powerful stimulus for physiological adaptations and performance improvements of athletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 20(Suppl 2), 11\u201323 (2010).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports."},{"issue":"5","key":"15774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0029-x","volume":"43","author":"M Buchheit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buchheit, M. & Laursen, P. B. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Med. 43(5), 313\u2013338 (2013).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"15774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200535120-00003","volume":"35","author":"M Spencer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spencer, M., Bishop, D., Dawson, B. & Goodman, C. Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities: specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med. 35(12), 1025\u20131044 (2005).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"15774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.01.199","volume":"20","author":"E Franchini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franchini, E. et al. Short-term low-volume high-intensity intermittent training improves judo-specific performance. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 20, e116 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"15774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","volume":"31","author":"PB Gastin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gastin, P. B. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med. 31, 725\u2013741 (2001).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"15774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280955","volume":"600","author":"GA Brooks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brooks, G. A. et al. Lactate in contemporary biology: A phoenix risen. J. Physiol. 600(5), 1229\u20131251 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"15774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002915","volume":"3","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hashimoto, T., Hussien, R., Cho, H. S., Kaufer, D. & Brooks, G. A. Evidence for the mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex in rat neurons: Demonstration of an essential component of brain lactate shuttles. PLoS ONE 3, e2915 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.008","volume":"27","author":"GA Brooks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brooks, G. A. The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory. Cell. Metab. 27, 757\u2013785 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"15774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1991","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00863.2007","volume":"295","author":"J Edge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Edge, J., Bishop, D., Goodman, C. & Dawson, B. Effects of high-intensity training on muscle lactate transporters and postexercise recovery of muscle lactate and hydrogen ions in women. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295(6), R1991\u2013R1998 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"15774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E255","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.276.2.E255","volume":"276","author":"H Pilegaard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pilegaard, H. et al. Effect of high-intensity exercise training on lactate\/H\u207a transport capacity in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 276(2), E255\u2013E261 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"15774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00250.2011","volume":"302","author":"C Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas, C., Bishop, D. J., Lambert, K., Mercier, J. & Brooks, G. A. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents in human skeletal muscles: Current status. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 302(1), R1\u2013R14 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"15774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8174com","volume":"21","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hashimoto, T., Hussien, R., Oommen, S., Gohil, K. & Brooks, G. A. Lactate sensitive transcription factor network in L6 cells: Activation of MCT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis. FASEB J. 21(10), 2602\u20132612 (2007).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"15774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2165\/11590560-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"D Bishop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bishop, D., Girard, O. & Mendez-Villanueva, A. Repeated-sprint ability\u2014Part II: Recommendations for training. Sports Med. 41, 741\u2013756 (2011).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"15774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.2.712","volume":"75","author":"GC Gaitanos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gaitanos, G. C., Williams, C., Boobis, L. H. & Brooks, S. Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 75(2), 712\u2013719 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"15774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232120-00002","volume":"32","author":"S McMahon","year":"2002","unstructured":"McMahon, S. & Jenkins, D. Factors affecting the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis following intense exercise. Sports Med. 32(12), 761\u2013784 (2002).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"15774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00585149","volume":"367","author":"RC Harris","year":"1976","unstructured":"Harris, R. C. et al. The time course of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in man. Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. 367(2), 137\u2013142 (1976).","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"issue":"3","key":"15774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.3.876","volume":"80","author":"GC Bogdanis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bogdanis, G. C., Nevill, M. E., Boobis, L. H. & Lakomy, H. K. Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80(3), 876\u2013884 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"15774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2165\/11590550-000000000-00000","volume":"41","author":"O Girard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girard, O., Mendez-Villanueva, A. & Bishop, D. Repeated-sprint ability\u2014Part I: Factors contributing to fatigue. Sports Med. 41, 673\u2013694 (2011).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"15774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273196","volume":"595","author":"MJ MacInnis","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacInnis, M. J. & Gibala, M. J. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J. Physiol. 595(9), 2915\u20132930 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"15774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0221-0","volume":"5","author":"T Haugen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haugen, T., Seiler, S., Sandbakk, \u00d8. & T\u00f8nnessen, E. The training and development of elite sprint performance: An integration of scientific and best practice literature. Sports Med. Open 5, 1\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"15774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01184.x","volume":"20","author":"PB Laursen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laursen, P. B. Training for intense exercise performance: High-intensity or high-volume training?. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 20, 1\u201310 (2010).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports."},{"issue":"12","key":"15774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051977","volume":"7","author":"A Mendez-Villanueva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendez-Villanueva, A., Edge, J., Suriano, R., Hamer, P. & Bishop, D. The recovery of repeated-sprint exercise is associated with PCr resynthesis, while muscle pH and EMG amplitude remain depressed. PLoS ONE 7(12), e51977 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"22","key":"15774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.216341","volume":"589","author":"A Vanhatalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vanhatalo, A. et al. Dietary nitrate reduces muscle metabolic perturbation and improves exercise tolerance in hypoxia. J. Physiol. 589(22), 5517\u20135528 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"15774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00083-3","volume":"118","author":"PE Di Prampero","year":"1999","unstructured":"Di Prampero, P. E. & Ferretti, G. The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: A reappraisal of older and recent concepts. Respir. Physiol. 118(2\u20133), 103\u2013115 (1999).","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"15774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0622-4","volume":"87","author":"R Beneke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beneke, R., Pollmann, C. H., Bleif, I., Leith\u00e4user, R. & H\u00fctler, M. How anaerobic is the Wingate Anaerobic Test for humans?. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 87, 388\u2013392 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"15774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1933.106.3.689","volume":"106","author":"R Margaria","year":"1933","unstructured":"Margaria, R., Edwards, H. T. & Dill, D. B. The possible mechanisms of contracting and paying the oxygen debt and the role of lactic acid in muscular contraction. Am. J. Physiol. 106(3), 689\u2013715 (1933).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"15774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586714","volume":"304","author":"PE Di Prampero","year":"1968","unstructured":"Di Prampero, P. E. & Margaria, R. Relationship between O2 consumption, high energy phosphates and the kinetics of the O2 debt in exercise. Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. 304(1), 11\u201319 (1968).","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"issue":"6","key":"15774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-099","volume":"33","author":"SC Forbes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Forbes, S. C., Slade, J. M. & Meyer, R. A. Short-term high-intensity interval training improves phosphocreatine recovery kinetics following moderate-intensity exercise in humans. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33(6), 1124\u20131131 (2008).","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"15774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78916-z","volume":"14","author":"S Ulup\u0131nar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ulup\u0131nar, S. et al. Evaluating bioenergetic pathway contributions from single to multiple sprints. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 27295 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"15774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00268","volume":"7","author":"E Franchini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franchini, E. et al. High-intensity intermittent training positively affects aerobic and anaerobic performance in judo athletes independently of exercise mode. Front. Physiol. 7, 268 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"15774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295442","volume":"33","author":"EZ Campos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campos, E. Z. et al. The effects of physical fitness and body composition on oxygen consumption and heart rate recovery after high-intensity exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 33(8), 621\u2013626 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"15774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318241e13d","volume":"26","author":"LE Gosselin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gosselin, L. E., Kozlowski, K. F., DeVinney-Boymel, L. & Hambridge, C. Metabolic response of different high-intensity aerobic interval exercise protocols. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(10), 2866\u20132871 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"15774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318216ea37","volume":"43","author":"JB Morin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morin, J. B., Edouard, P. A. S. C. A. L. & Samozino, P. I. E. R. R. E. Technical ability of force application as a determinant factor of sprint performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43(9), 1680\u20131688 (2011).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"08","key":"15774_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-989371","volume":"29","author":"DF Bravo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bravo, D. F. et al. Sprint vs. interval training in football. Int. J. Sports Med. 29(08), 668\u2013674 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"15774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00018","volume":"28","author":"I Tabata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tabata, I. et al. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28(10), 1327\u20131330 (1996).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15774-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15774-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15774-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:08:59Z","timestamp":1759309739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15774-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["15774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15774-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34209"}}