{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:07:56Z","timestamp":1792843676922,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Agentura Pro Zdravotnick\u00fd V\u00fdzkum \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU21-08-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-08-00228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM2018140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2018140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LX22NPO5107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LX22NPO5107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LX22NPO5107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the leading cause of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) in pediatric patients. Accurate detection of FCDs is crucial for successful surgical outcomes, yet remains challenging due to frequently subtle MRI findings, especially in children, whose brain morphology undergoes significant developmental changes. Automated detection algorithms have the potential to improve diagnostic precision, particularly in cases, where standard visual assessment fails. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of automated algorithms in detecting FCD type II in pediatric patients and to examine the impact of adult versus pediatric templates on detection accuracy. MRI data from 23 surgical pediatric patients with histologically confirmed FCD type II were retrospectively analyzed. Three imaging-based detection algorithms were applied to T1-weighted images, each targeting key structural features: cortical thickness, gray matter intensity (extension), and gray\u2013white matter junction blurring. Their performance was assessed using adult and pediatric healthy controls templates, with validation against both predictive radiological ROIs (PRR) and post-resection cavities (PRC). The junction algorithm achieved the highest median dice score (0.028, IQR 0.038,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01 when compared with other algorithms) and detected relevant clusters even in MRI-negative cases. The adult template (median dice score 0.013, IQR 0.027) significantly outperformed the pediatric template (0.0032, IQR 0.023) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), highlighting the importance of template consistency. Despite superior performance of the adult template, its use in pediatric populations may introduce bias, as it does not account for age-specific morphological features such as cortical maturation and incomplete myelination. Automated algorithms, especially those targeting junction blurring, enhance FCD detection in pediatric populations. These algorithms may serve as valuable decision-support tools, particularly in settings where neuroradiological expertise is limited.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16015-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T11:20:56Z","timestamp":1755256856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A comparative analysis of imaging-based algorithms for detecting focal cortical dysplasia type II in children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"\u0160anda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Holubov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Jir\u00e1nkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kudr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Mas\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane\u017eka","family":"B\u011blohl\u00e1vkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Kr\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Ot\u00e1hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kyn\u010dl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"16015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa174","volume":"143","author":"M Severino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Severino, M. et al. Definitions and classification of malformations of cortical development: practical guidelines. Brain 143, 2874\u20132894 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"16015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.15612","volume":"60","author":"A Bernasconi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernasconi, A. et al. Recommendations for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the care of patients with epilepsy: A consensus report from the international league against epilepsy neuroimaging task force. Epilepsia 60, 1054\u20131068 (2019).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21398","volume":"63","author":"P Krsek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krsek, P. et al. Different features of histopathological subtypes of pediatric focal cortical dysplasia. Ann. Neurol. 63, 758\u2013769 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"16015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01998.x","volume":"50","author":"JT Lerner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lerner, J. T. et al. Assessment and surgical outcomes for mild type I and severe type II cortical dysplasia: A critical review and the UCLA experience. Epilepsia 50, 1310\u20131335 (2009).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR5","first-page":"18","volume":"86","author":"M Kyn\u010dl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kyn\u010dl, M. et al. Recommendations for structural brain MRI in the diagnosis of epilepsy. Ceska Slov. Neurologie Neurochirurgie. 86, 18\u201324 (2023).","journal-title":"Ceska Slov. Neurologie Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"16015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.643","volume":"73","author":"J von Oertzen","year":"2002","unstructured":"von Oertzen, J. Standard magnetic resonance imaging is inadequate for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 73, 643\u2013647 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"16015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12464","volume":"55","author":"C Mellerio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mellerio, C. et al. 3T\u2009<\u2009scp\u2009>\u2009MRI improves the detection of transmantle sign in type 2 focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 55, 117\u2013122 (2014).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13615","volume":"58","author":"L Bartolini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bartolini, L. et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia in children: A tip to find the abnormality. Epilepsia 58, 113\u2013122 (2017).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00383-X","volume":"15","author":"JS Duncan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duncan, J. S., Winston, G. P., Koepp, M. J. & Ourselin, S. Brain imaging in the assessment for epilepsy surgery. Lancet Neurol. 15, 420\u2013433 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"16015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091202500601","volume":"25","author":"A Tarsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tarsi, A. et al. MRI findings in low grade tumours associated with focal cortical dysplasia. Neuroradiol. J. 25, 639\u2013648 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"16015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122225","volume":"11","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Focal cortical dysplasia type III related medically refractory epilepsy: MRI findings and potential predictors of surgery outcome. Diagnostics 11, 2225 (2021).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"16015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00450","volume":"9","author":"W Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu, W. et al. Multimodality Image Post-processing in Detection of Extratemporal MRI-Negative Cortical Dysplasia. Front Neurol 9, 450 (2018).","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"16015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-024-01635-6","volume":"15","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Deep learning-based automated lesion segmentation on pediatric focal cortical dysplasia II preoperative MRI: a reliable approach. Insights Imaging. 15, 71 (2024).","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"16015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng, C. et al. ACM, New York, NY, USA,. Enhance the Focal Cortical Dysplasia Lesions in a MR-negative Image. in Proceedings of the 2020 4th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing 127\u2013130.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3408127.3408193(2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3408127.3408193"},{"key":"16015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18240","volume":"66","author":"LN Kersting","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kersting, L. N. et al. Detection of focal cortical dysplasia: development and multicentric evaluation of artificial intelligence models. Epilepsia 66, 1165\u20131176 (2025).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac224","volume":"145","author":"H Spitzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spitzer, H. et al. Interpretable surface-based detection of focal cortical dysplasias: a Multi-centre epilepsy lesion detection study. Brain 145, 3859\u20133871 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"16015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15185","volume":"53","author":"Y Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, Y. et al. Automatic analysis of integrated magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography images improves the accuracy of detection of focal cortical dysplasia type IIb lesions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 53, 3231\u20133241 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"16015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002374","volume":"86","author":"SJ Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong, S. J., Bernhardt, B. C., Schrader, D. S., Bernasconi, N. & Bernasconi, A. Whole-brain MRI phenotyping in dysplasia-related frontal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 86, 643\u2013650 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"16015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102449","volume":"28","author":"EH Middlebrooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Middlebrooks, E. H. et al. Improved detection of focal cortical dysplasia using a novel 3D imaging sequence: Edge-Enhancing gradient echo (3D-EDGE) MRI. Neuroimage Clin. 28, 102449 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"16015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.030","volume":"14","author":"S Adler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adler, S. et al. Novel surface features for automated detection of focal cortical dysplasias in paediatric epilepsy. Neuroimage Clin. 14, 18\u201327 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"16015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013066","author":"A Willard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willard, A. et al. Seizure Outcome After Surgery for MRI-Diagnosed Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Neurol https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013066 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"16015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15727","volume":"66","author":"A Chari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chari, A. et al. Lesion detection in epilepsy surgery: lessons from a prospective evaluation of a machine learning algorithm. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 66, 216\u2013225 (2024).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"16015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01008","volume":"12","author":"JJ Mo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mo, J. J. et al. Clinical Value of Machine Learning in the Automated Detection of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Using Quantitative Multimodal Surface-Based Features. Front Neurosci 12, 1008 (2019).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"16015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02777.x","volume":"52","author":"I Bl\u00fcmcke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcmcke, I. et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: A consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc task force of the ILAE diagnostic methods commission. Epilepsia 52, 158\u2013174 (2011).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.41401.x","volume":"43","author":"J Kassubek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kassubek, J., Huppertz, H., Spreer, J. & Schulze-Bonhage, A. Detection and localization of focal cortical dysplasia by Voxel\u2010based 3\u2010D mri\u2003analysis. Epilepsia 43, 596\u2013602 (2002).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.009","volume":"67","author":"HJ Huppertz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huppertz, H. J. et al. Enhanced visualization of blurred gray\u2013white matter junctions in focal cortical dysplasia by voxel-based 3D MRI analysis. Epilepsy Res. 67, 35\u201350 (2005).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"16015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","volume":"31","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desikan, R. S. et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 31, 968\u2013980 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"16015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12529","volume":"6","author":"HM Hulshof","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hulshof, H. M. et al. The epileptogenic zone in children with tuberous sclerosis complex is characterized by prominent features of focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia Open. 6, 663\u2013671 (2021).","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open."},{"key":"16015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su et al. 3D ROC Analysis for Medical Imaging Diagnosis. in.IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference7545\u20137548 (IEEE, 2005).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616258(2005)","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616258"},{"key":"16015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-015-0068-x","volume":"15","author":"AA Taha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taha, A. A. & Hanbury, A. Metrics for evaluating 3D medical image segmentation: analysis, selection, and tool. BMC Med. Imaging. 15, 29 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"16015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24368","volume":"77","author":"S Baulac","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baulac, S. et al. Familial focal epilepsy with focal cortical dysplasia due to DEPDC 5 mutations. Ann. Neurol. 77, 675\u2013683 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"16015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S442459","volume":"20","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, F., Hong, S. T., Zhang, Y., Xing, Z. & Lin, Y. X. 18F-FDG-PET\/CT for localizing the epileptogenic focus in patients with different types of focal cortical dysplasia. Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat. 20, 211\u2013220 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis. Treat."},{"key":"16015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0838","volume":"18","author":"TJ Veersema","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veersema, T. J. et al. 7 Tesla T2*-weighted MRI as a tool to improve detection of focal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord. 18, 315\u2013323 (2016).","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"16015_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05665-w","volume":"49","author":"Y Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Cortical abnormalities of synaptic vesicle protein 2A in focal cortical dysplasia type II identified in vivo with 18F-SynVesT-1 positron emission tomography imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 49, 3482\u20133491 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"16015_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14064","volume":"59","author":"B Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin, B. et al. Automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia type II with surface-based magnetic resonance imaging postprocessing and machine learning. Epilepsia 59, 982\u2013992 (2018).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16853","volume":"62","author":"B David","year":"2021","unstructured":"David, B. et al. External validation of automated focal cortical dysplasia detection using morphometric analysis. Epilepsia 62, 1005\u20131021 (2021).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002310","volume":"92","author":"V Dangouloff-Ros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dangouloff-Ros, V. et al. Preoperative detection of subtle focal cortical dysplasia in children by combined arterial spin labeling, Voxel-Based morphometry, Electroencephalography-Synchronized functional MRI, Resting-State regional homogeneity, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neurosurgery 92, 820\u2013826 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"16015_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17127","volume":"63","author":"T Demerath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demerath, T. et al. Fully automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia: comparison of MPRAGE and MP2RAGE sequences. Epilepsia 63, 75\u201385 (2022).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16015_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.04.005","volume":"84","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Voxel-based automated detection of focal cortical dysplasia lesions using diffusion tensor imaging and T2-weighted MRI data. Epilepsy Behavior. 84, 127\u2013134 (2018).","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behavior"},{"key":"16015_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, N. et al. Risk factors of cognitive impairment in pediatric epilepsy patients with focal cortical dysplasia. Brain Dev. 41, 77\u201384 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.07.014"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16015-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16015-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16015-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T03:13:47Z","timestamp":1757387627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16015-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16015-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29946"}}