{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:56:41Z","timestamp":1790737001774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16079-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:31:24Z","timestamp":1756816284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Adverse childhood experiences as predictors of alcohol and tobacco addiction risk among college students in Delhi-NCR, India"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vineet","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshika","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naorem Kiranmala","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kallur Nava","family":"Saraswathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"16079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21073","volume":"22","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D. & Blanco, C. Substance use disorders: A comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment, and prevention. World Psychiatry 22(2), 203\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21073 (2023).","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"16079_CR2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. NSDUH Series H-28, DHHS Publication no. SMA 05-4062 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2005)."},{"issue":"2","key":"16079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.10.005","volume":"8","author":"D Sunil Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sunil Kumar, D. et al. Prevalence of substance use and awareness about its ill effects among people residing in a rural village in Chamarajanagara district, Karnataka. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 8(2), 442\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.10.005 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"16079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2020-0079","volume":"13","author":"M Sivapuram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sivapuram, M., Anand, A., Patil, S., Singh, A. & Nagendra, H. Prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use in India and implications for COVID-19: Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata study projections. J. Med. Life 13, 499\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122\/jml-2020-0079 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"16079_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09797-w","volume":"20","author":"AD Wubetu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wubetu, A. D., Getachew, S. & Negash, W. Substance use and its association with socio-demographic, family, and environment-related factors among technical and vocational education and training college students in Ataye, Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 20, 1691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09797-w (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"16079_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117822182311939","DOI":"10.1177\/11782218231193914","volume":"17","author":"I Sebalo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sebalo, I., K\u00f6nigov\u00e1, M. P., Sebalo V\u0148ukov\u00e1, M., Anders, M. & Pt\u00e1\u010dek, R. The associations of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with substance use in young adults: A systematic review. Subst. Abuse Res. Treat. 17, 11782218231193914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11782218231193914 (2023).","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Res. Treat."},{"key":"16079_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/amh.amh_58_23","author":"PC Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, P. C. et al. Substance use prevalence and associated factors among Indian college students: A narrative review. Arch. Ment. Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/amh.amh_58_23 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"16079_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz037","volume":"29","author":"K Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes, K. et al. Adverse childhood experiences, childhood relationships, and associated substance use and mental health in young Europeans. Eur. J. Pub. Health 29(4), 741\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz037 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pub. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"16079_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640231214986","volume":"70","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhary, V., Walia, G. K., Devi, N. K., Shekhawat, L. S. & Saraswathy, K. N. Adverse childhood experiences in mental health of young adults: An exploratory study from Delhi-NCR, India. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 70(3), 445\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640231214986 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"16079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E728","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2021.62.3.1785","volume":"62","author":"GY Trivedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trivedi, G. Y., Pillai, N. & Trivedi, R. G. Adverse childhood experiences & mental health: The urgent need for public health intervention in India. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 62(3), E728\u2013E735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2021.62.3.1785 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"16079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00017-8","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Felitti, V. J. et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 14(4), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11892-5","volume":"21","author":"GS Fernandes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes, G. S. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and substance misuse in young people in India: Results from the multisite cVEDA cohort. BMC Public Health 21(1), 1920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11892-5 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"16079_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.21659\/rupkatha.v8n3.28","volume":"8","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghosh, A. & Pasupathi, M. Perceptions of students and parents on the use of corporal punishment at schools in India. Rupkatha J. Interdiscip. Stud. Human. 8(3), 269\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21659\/rupkatha.v8n3.28 (2016).","journal-title":"Rupkatha J. Interdiscip. Stud. Human."},{"issue":"6","key":"16079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/25.6.435","volume":"25","author":"W Hunter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hunter, W., Jain, D., Sadowski, L. & Sanhueza, A. Risk factors for severe child discipline practices in rural India. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 25(6), 435\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/25.6.435 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"16079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.21107\/sml.v6i2.19824","volume":"6","author":"A Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Singh, S. & Ravi, U. K. Experiences of gender-based violence among adolescent schoolgirls in India. Simulacra 6, 153\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21107\/sml.v6i2.19824 (2023).","journal-title":"Simulacra"},{"key":"16079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034316681378","author":"S Deb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deb, S., Kumar, A., Holden, G. & Rowe, L. School corporal punishment, family tension, and students\u2019 internalizing problems: Evidence from India. Sch. Psychol. Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0143034316681378 (2016).","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"issue":"10","key":"16079_CR17","first-page":"19","volume":"25","author":"JP Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith, J. P. & Book, S. W. Anxiety and substance use disorders: A review. Psychiatr. Times 25(10), 19\u201323 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Times"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.24","volume":"12","author":"C Calpe-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calpe-L\u00f3pez, C., Mart\u00ednez-Caballero, M. A., Garc\u00eda-Pardo, M. P. & Aguilar, M. A. Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction. World J. Psychiatry 12(1), 24\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.24 (2022).","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"16079_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816065-7.00003-3","volume-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences: Using Evidence to Advance Research, Practice, Policy, and Prevention","author":"TO Afifi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afifi, T. O. Chapter 3: Considerations for expanding the definition of ACEs. In Adverse Childhood Experiences: Using Evidence to Advance Research, Practice, Policy, and Prevention (eds Asmundson, G. J. G. & Afifi, T. O.) 35\u201344 (Academic Press, 2020)."},{"key":"16079_CR20","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/adverse-childhood-experiences-international-questionnaire-(ace-iq) (2020)."},{"issue":"14","key":"16079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(19980730)17:14<1623::aid-sim871>3.0.co;2-s","volume":"17","author":"FY Hsieh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hsieh, F. Y., Bloch, D. A. & Larsen, M. D. A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression. Stat. Med. 17(14), 1623\u20131634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(19980730)17:14%3c1623::aid-sim871%3e3.0.co;2-s (1998).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"16079_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0179-5","volume":"41","author":"HE Alcal\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alcal\u00e1, H. E., von Ehrenstein, O. S. & Tomiyama, A. J. Adverse childhood experiences and use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products. J. Community Health 41(5), 969\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-016-0179-5 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"16079_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20243306","volume":"11","author":"P Khurana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khurana, P. & Banerjee, R. Prevalence and patterns of tobacco use among young adults in India\u2014Does perceived stress play a role?. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health 11(11), 4405\u20134411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20243306 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56501\/intjcommunitydent.v10i1.26","volume":"10","author":"G Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, G., Dash, P., Patnaik, J. & Pany, G. Socioeconomic status scale-Modified Kuppuswamy Scale for the year 2022. Int. J. Community Dent. 10(1), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56501\/intjcommunitydent.v10i1.26 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Dent."},{"key":"16079_CR25","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Manual for Use in Primary Care. http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse.ASSiST (2010)."},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_660_21","volume":"65","author":"S Prasad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prasad, S., Basu, D., Mattoo, S. K. & Subodh, B. N. Assist-linked brief intervention to reduce risky pattern of substance use in male workers employed at a tertiary care hospital in India: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J. Psychiatry. 65(1), 36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_660_21 (2023).","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"16079_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2024.13","volume":"11","author":"U Venkatesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Venkatesh, U. et al. Determinants of substance use among young people attending primary health centers in India. Glob. Ment. Health 11, e23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2024.13 (2024).","journal-title":"Glob. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/amh.amh_58_23","volume":"25","author":"PC Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, P. C., Antony, S., Ammapattian, T., Kishor, M. & Sadashiv, M. Substance use prevalence and associated factors among Indian college students: A narrative review. Arch. Ment. Health 25(1), 77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/amh.amh_58_23 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Ment. Health"},{"key":"16079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2023.100488","volume":"17","author":"R Broekhof","year":"2023","unstructured":"Broekhof, R., Nordahl, H. M., Tanum, L. & Selvik, S. G. Adverse childhood experiences and their association with substance use disorders in adulthood: A general population study (Young-HUNT). Addict. Behav. Rep. 17, 100488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2023.100488 (2023).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"16079_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127","volume":"97","author":"K Petruccelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petruccelli, K., Davis, J. & Berman, T. Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 97, 104127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127 (2019).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"16079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32035-4_121-1","volume-title":"Handbook of the Biology and Pathology of Mental Disorders","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chaudhary, V. & Saraswathy, K. N. Adverse childhood experiences in mental health outcomes. In Handbook of the Biology and Pathology of Mental Disorders (eds Martin, C. R. et al.) 121\u20131 (Springer, 2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-32035-4_121-1."},{"issue":"2","key":"16079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2023.2171301","volume":"49","author":"EL Martin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martin, E. L. et al. Differential prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) by gender and substance used in individuals with cannabis, cocaine, opioid, and tobacco use disorders. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 49(2), 190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00952990.2023.2171301 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"16079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2022.2114389","author":"A Schwartz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwartz, A. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and substance use among university students: A systematic review. J. Subst. Use. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14659891.2022.2114389 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use."},{"issue":"2","key":"16079_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-018-9260-6","volume":"34","author":"T Goddard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goddard, T. & Pooley, J. A. The impact of childhood abuse on adult male prisoners: A systematic review. J. Police Crim. Psychol. 34(2), 215\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-018-9260-6 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Police Crim. Psychol."},{"key":"16079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006","author":"SR Dube","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dube, S. R. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. J. Adolesc. Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health."},{"key":"16079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085118810426","volume":"15","author":"KM Benedini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benedini, K. M. & Fagan, A. A. From child maltreatment to adolescent substance use: Different pathways for males and females?. Fem. Criminol. 15, 147\u2013173 (2020).","journal-title":"Fem. Criminol."},{"issue":"6","key":"16079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.852","volume":"76","author":"EC Blustein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blustein, E. C. et al. The association of low parental monitoring with early substance use in European American and African American adolescent girls. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 76(6), 852\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.852 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"16079_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041306","volume":"17","author":"G Gerra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gerra, G. et al. Socioeconomic status, parental education, school connectedness and individual socio-cultural resources in vulnerability for drug use among students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(4), 1306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17041306 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"16079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103946","volume":"112","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz, J. et al. A longitudinal study of protective factors against substance use in early adolescence: An ecological approach. Int. J. Drug Policy 112, 103946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103946 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.06.004","volume":"8","author":"N Saikia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saikia, N. & Debbarma, B. The socioeconomic correlates of substance use among male adults in Northeast India. Clin. Epidemiolo. Glob. Health 8(1), 149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.06.004 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiolo. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"16079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/jpet.12147","volume":"18","author":"SW Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, S. W., Coulson, N. E. & Wang, P. Optimal drug policy in low-income neighborhoods. J. Public Econ. Theory 18(5), 726\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpet.12147 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Public Econ. Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105306069073","volume":"12","author":"MD Hanson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanson, M. D. & Chen, E. Socioeconomic status and substance use behaviors in adolescents: The role of family resources versus family social status. J. Health Psychol. 12(1), 32\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105306069073 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"16079_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2949-5","volume":"16","author":"E Charitonidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charitonidi, E. et al. Socioeconomic status and substance use among Swiss young men: A population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 16, 333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-2949-5 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"16079_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.05.017","volume":"175","author":"RA Ellis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ellis, R. A. et al. Gender differences in illicit drug access, use and use disorder: Analysis of National Survey on Drug Use and Health data. J. Psychiatr. Res. 175, 118\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.05.017 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"16079_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_791_","volume":"65","author":"A Parmar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parmar, A., Bhatia, G., Sharma, P. & Pal, A. Understanding the epidemiology of substance use in India: A review of nationwide surveys. Indian J. Psychiatry 65(5), 498\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_791_ (2023).","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"16079_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2024.2444893","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ru\u00edz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ru\u00edz, J., Miller, B. L., Espejo-Siles, R. & Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, I. Prescription and non-prescription anxiolytic use is linked to personal characteristics among university students. J. Psychoactive Drugs https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2024.2444893 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"16079_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.09.001","volume":"6","author":"L Wells","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wells, L. & \u00d6stberg, V. Parental education differentially predicts young adults\u2019 frequency and quantity of alcohol use in a longitudinal Swedish sample. SSM-Popul. Health 6, 91\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.09.001 (2018).","journal-title":"SSM-Popul. Health"},{"key":"16079_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-024-00064-0","volume":"1","author":"S Tyagi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tyagi, S. et al. Impact of smoking hookah and bidi on global DNA methylation: A community-based study from Haryana, North India. Discov. Med. 1, 52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44337-024-00064-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"16079_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.19082\/3403","volume":"8","author":"H Joveini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joveini, H. et al. Factors associated with hookah smoking among university students. Electron. Phys. 8(12), 3403\u20133408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19082\/3403 (2016).","journal-title":"Electron. Phys."},{"key":"16079_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108519","volume":"188","author":"M Al\u2019Absi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al\u2019Absi, M., Ginty, A. T. & Lovallo, W. R. Neurobiological mechanisms of early life adversity, blunted stress reactivity and risk for addiction. Neuropharmacology 188, 108519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108519 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"16079_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173360","volume":"215","author":"DE Kirsch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirsch, D. E. & Lippard, E. T. C. Early life stress and substance use disorders: The critical role of adolescent substance use. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 215, 173360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173360 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12487","volume":"23","author":"S Trautmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trautmann, S. et al. Biological stress indicators as risk markers for increased alcohol use following traumatic experiences. Addict. Biol. 23(1), 281\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12487 (2018).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12681","volume":"25","author":"M Muehlhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muehlhan, M. et al. HPA axis stress reactivity and hair cortisol concentrations in recently detoxified alcoholics and healthy controls with and without childhood maltreatment. Addict. Biol. 25(1), e12681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12681 (2020).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"16079_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2020.1748594","volume":"17","author":"C Wesarg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wesarg, C., Van Den Akker, A. L., Oei, N. Y. L., Hoeve, M. & Wiers, R. W. Identifying pathways from early adversity to psychopathology: A review on dysregulated HPA axis functioning and impaired self-regulation in early childhood. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 17(6), 808\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405629.2020.1748594 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"16079_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00737","volume":"10","author":"L Strathearn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strathearn, L. et al. Pathways relating the neurobiology of attachment to drug addiction. Front. Psychiatry 10, 737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00737 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"16079_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.09","volume":"98","author":"C Kamarajan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamarajan, C. et al. Reward processing deficits and impulsivity in high-risk offspring of alcoholics: A study of event-related potentials during a monetary gambling task. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 98(2 Pt 1), 182\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.09 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"16079_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106092","volume":"139","author":"V Tzouvara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tzouvara, V. et al. Adverse childhood experiences, mental health, and social functioning: A scoping review of the literature. Child Abuse Negl. 139, 106092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106092 (2023).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"16079_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419844308","author":"I Meque","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meque, I., Dachew, B., Maravilla, J., Salom, C. & Alati, R. Externalizing and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence and the risk of alcohol use disorders in young adulthood: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Austral. N. Z. J. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867419844308 (2019).","journal-title":"Austral. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.031","volume":"34","author":"YF Chan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chan, Y. F., Dennis, M. L. & Funk, R. R. Prevalence and comorbidity of major internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and adults presenting to substance abuse treatment. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 34(1), 14\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.12.031 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"issue":"3","key":"16079_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.03.007","volume":"45","author":"T Kerr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kerr, T. et al. Childhood trauma and injection drug use among high-risk youth. J. Adolesc. Health 45(3), 300\u2013302 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"16079_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100144","volume":"10","author":"D Cicchetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. & Handley, E. D. Child maltreatment and the development of substance use and disorder. Neurobiol. Stress 10, 100144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100144 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"16079_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.649911","volume":"12","author":"EM Rollins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rollins, E. M. & Crandall, A. Self-regulation and shame as mediators between childhood experiences and young adult health. Front. Psychiatry 12, 649911 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"16079_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12620","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz, J., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A. & Espejo-Siles, R. The influence of parental substance use on adolescent substance use: A systematic review of moderators. J. Fam. Theory Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jftr.12620 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Fam. Theory Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"16079_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407513516889","volume":"31","author":"JM Shadur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shadur, J. M. & Hussong, A. M. Friendship intimacy, close friend drug use, and self-medication in adolescence. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 31(8), 997\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407513516889 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relat."},{"issue":"6","key":"16079_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000299","volume":"31","author":"MJ Mason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mason, M. J. et al. A longitudinal study predicting adolescent tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use by behavioral characteristics of close friends. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 31(6), 712\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000299 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"10","key":"16079_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258782","volume":"16","author":"S Schindler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schindler, S. et al. Stigma as a barrier to addressing childhood trauma in conversation with trauma survivors: A study in the general population. PLoS ONE 16(10), e0258782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258782 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"16079_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194439","volume":"13","author":"S Musa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musa, S., Peek-Asa, C., Jovanovi\u0107, N. & Selimovi\u0107, E. Association of adverse childhood experiences and health risk behaviors among young adults visiting a regional primary healthcare center, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. PLoS ONE 13, e0194439 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"16079_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.129247","volume":"92","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellis, M. A. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviours in young adults: Surveys in eight eastern European countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 92, 641\u2013655 (2014).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"16079_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"038","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.japch.1001016","volume":"3","author":"B Tingberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tingberg, B. & Nilsson, D. Child neglect\u2014still a neglected problem in the global world: A review. J. Adv. Pediatr. Child Health 3, 038\u2013046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29328\/journal.japch.1001016 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pediatr. Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03873-8","volume":"22","author":"CR Miliauskas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miliauskas, C. R. et al. Community violence and internalizing mental health symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 22(1), 253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-03873-8 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"16079_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00059-3","volume":"8","author":"FE Markowitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Markowitz, F. E. Socioeconomic disadvantage and violence: Recent research on culture and neighborhood control as explanatory mechanisms. Aggress. Violent. Beh. 8(2), 145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1359-1789(01)00059-3 (2003).","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent. Beh."},{"issue":"1","key":"16079_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15416-1","volume":"23","author":"C Maurya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maurya, C. & Maurya, P. Adverse childhood experiences and health risk behaviours among adolescents and young adults: Evidence from India. BMC Public Health 23(1), 536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15416-1 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"16079_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104993","volume":"115","author":"RH Kappel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kappel, R. H., Livingston, M. D., Patel, S. N., Villaveces, A. & Massetti, G. M. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and associated health risks and risk behaviors among young women and men in Honduras. Child Abuse Negl. 115, 104993 (2021).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"16079_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104238","volume":"98","author":"SH Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin, S. H. et al. Childhood maltreatment and alcohol-related problems in young adulthood: The protective role of parental warmth. Child Abuse Negl. 98, 104238 (2019).","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"16079_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1323837","author":"I Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, I. et al. Understanding the role of childhood abuse and neglect as a cause and consequence of substance abuse: The German CANSAS network. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2017.1323837 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16079-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16079-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16079-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T04:23:38Z","timestamp":1757478218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16079-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16079-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The methods used in this study involving human participants are in conformation with the institutional and\/or national research committee and with 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32333"}}