{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1792479412207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The efficacy of paraprobiotics from <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> LRCC5195 (LP5195-P) in alleviating atopic dermatitis (AD) through microbiome modulation and its safety were evaluated in AD-induced mice. Oral administration of LP5195-P to mice for 8 weeks after AD induction was used to investigate changes in microbiota, immune regulation, and symptoms of dermatitis. Taxonomic analysis of the gut microbiota revealed substantially higher bacterial diversity and abundance in LP5195-P treated group compared to that in negative control. Metabolic analysis revealed significant changes in short-chain fatty acid levels. These microbiome changes correlated with alterations in immune modulation. Furthermore, LP5195-P treatment decreased gene expression related to Treg and Th2 responses in the ileum and skin. Improvements in AD symptoms, including edema and erythema, were observed, and inhibitory effects on histamine release and \u03b2-hexosaminidase activity were demonstrated. In conclusion, LP5195-P administration induced a balanced immune response involving gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16102-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T09:28:15Z","timestamp":1755682095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Atopic dermatitis-alleviating effects of lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5195 paraprobiotics through microbiome modulation and safety assessment via genomic characterization and in vitro analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahyoung","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minju","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woongkwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungki","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Joo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seokmin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"16102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2014.57.3.218","volume":"57","author":"EH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, E. H. & Yoon, N. Y. Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J. Korean Med. Assoc. 57, 218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5124\/jkma.2014.57.3.218 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Assoc."},{"key":"16102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104650","volume":"85","author":"JH Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. et al. Kestose-enriched fructo-oligosaccharide alleviates atopic dermatitis by modulating the gut Microbiome and immune response. J. Funct. Foods. 85, 104650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104650 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"16102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.108207","volume":"137","author":"DJ Hill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hill, D. J., Sporik, R., Thorburn, J. & Hosking, C. S. The association of atopic dermatitis in infancy with Immunoglobulin E food sensitization. J. Pediatr. 137, 475\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mpd.2000.108207 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"16102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.15384\/kjhp.2016.16.1.32","volume":"16","author":"JH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, J. H. et al. Beneficial effect of diet intervention on school children with atopic dermatitis. Korean J. Health Promot. 16, 32\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15384\/kjhp.2016.16.1.32 (2016).","journal-title":"Korean J. Health Promot"},{"key":"16102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700622","volume":"127","author":"FM Arellano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arellano, F. M., Wentworth, C. E., Arana, A., Fern\u00e1ndez, C. & Paul, C. F. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Investig Dermatol. 127, 808\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jid.5700622 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Investig Dermatol."},{"key":"16102_CR6","unstructured":"Yang, H. J., Park, K. W., Kim, H. S., Cho, S. M. & Park, K. M. Effect of anti-atopic allergic reaction in response to oriental herb extracts. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 42, 109\u2013114 UCI: G704-000138.2010.42.1.003. (2010)."},{"key":"16102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4168\/aard.2016.4.5.321","volume":"4","author":"BK Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, B. K., Rhee, C. K., Jung, J. Y., Kang, H. R. & Cho, S. H. Current status of Microbiome research in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 4, 321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/aard.2016.4.5.321 (2016).","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Respir Dis."},{"key":"16102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36864-5","volume":"9","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, J. H., Kim, K. Y. & Kim, W. Y. Cream cheese-derived Lactococcus Chungangensis CAU 28 modulates the gut microbiota and alleviates atopic dermatitis in balb\/c mice. Sci. Rep. 9, 446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-36864-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"16102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106622","volume":"123","author":"A Lim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lim, A. et al. Effect of postbiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5282 on obesity improvement by modulation of the gut Microbiome. J. Funct. Foods. 123, 106622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106622 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"16102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010480","volume":"23","author":"W Bielka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bielka, W., Przezak, A. & Pawlik, A. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010480 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"16102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4093\/jkd.2022.23.1.7","volume":"23","author":"JH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. Microbiome and diabetes. J. Korean Diabetes. 23, 7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/jkd.2022.23.1.7 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Korean Diabetes"},{"key":"16102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00352-2","volume":"8","author":"N Vallianou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vallianou, N., Stratigou, T., Christodoulatos, G. S. & Dalamaga, M. Understanding the role of the gut Microbiome and microbial metabolites in obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: current evidence and perspectives. Curr. Obes. Rep. 8, 317\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-019-00352-2 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"16102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00585-3","volume":"17","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaiss, M. M., Wu, H. J., Mauro, D., Schett, G. & Ciccia, F. The gut-joint axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 17, 224\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-021-00585-3 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"16102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179641","volume":"22","author":"A Zaky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaky, A., Glastras, S. J., Wong, M. Y. W., Pollock, C. A. & Saad, S. The role of the gut Microbiome in diabetes and obesity-related kidney disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 9641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179641 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"16102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108645","volume":"172","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. The role of the Microbiome in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 172, 108645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108645 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"16102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00739","volume":"10","author":"SA Jackson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jackson, S. A. et al. Improving end-user trust in the quality of commercial probiotic products. Front. Microbiol. 10, 739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00739 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"16102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","volume":"18","author":"S Salminen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salminen, S. et al. The international scientific association of probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 649\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"16102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-011-0218-x","volume":"6","author":"V Taverniti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taverniti, V. & Guglielmetti, S. The Immunomodulatory properties of probiotic microorganisms beyond their viability (ghost probiotics: proposal of paraprobiotic concept). Genes Nutr. 6, 261\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12263-011-0218-x (2011).","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"16102_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030146","volume":"8","author":"EJ Choi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi, E. J. et al. Heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 ameliorates atopic dermatitis in a murine model. Nutrients 8, 146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu8030146 (2016).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"16102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1256","volume":"83","author":"RJ Boyle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boyle, R. J., Robins-Browne, R. M. & Tang, M. L. K. Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83, 1256\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1256 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"16102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","volume":"60","author":"S Doron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doron, S. & Snydman, D. R. Risk and safety of probiotics. Clin. Infect. Dis. 60 (Suppl. 2), S129\u2013S134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ085 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"16102_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"M Heselmans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heselmans, M. et al. Gut flora in health and disease: potential role of probiotics. Curr. Issues Intest Microbiol. 6, 1\u20137 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Intest Microbiol."},{"key":"16102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.9799\/ksfan.2020.33.2.174","volume":"33","author":"YG Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, Y. G. et al. Effect of Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801 oral administration on immune response and skin improvement in animal model of atopic dermatitis. Korean J. Food Nutr. 33, 174\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9799\/ksfan.2020.33.2.174 (2020).","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Nutr."},{"key":"16102_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2021.05.001","volume":"132","author":"M Mizuno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mizuno, M., Ohto, N. & Kuwahara, H. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22A-3 isolated from pickle suppresses ovalbumin-induced food allergy in balb\/c mice and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in nc\/nga mice. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 132, 271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2021.05.001 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"16102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017","volume":"125","author":"KD Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone, K. D., Prussin, C. & Metcalfe, D. D. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125 (Suppl. 2), S73\u2013S80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.017 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01092.x","volume":"103","author":"F Belardelli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Belardelli, F. Role of interferons and other cytokines in the regulation of the immune response. APMIS 103, 161\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01092.x (1995).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"16102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X","volume":"85","author":"S Romagnani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Romagnani, S. T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2). Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 85, 9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X (2000).","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abrahamsson, T. R. et al. Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129, 434\u2013440.e2 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.10.025"},{"key":"16102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12855","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12855","volume":"91","author":"M Salameh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salameh, M. et al. The role of gut microbiota in atopic asthma and allergy, implications in the Understanding of disease pathogenesis. Scand. J. Immunol. 91, e12855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.12855 (2020).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. Gut commensal Alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion. mSystems 10, e01607-24 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01607-24","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01607-24"},{"key":"16102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906","volume":"11","author":"BJ Parker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parker, B. J., Wearsch, P. A., Veloo, A. C. M. & Rodriguez-Palacios, A. The genus Alistipes: gut bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, cancer, and mental health. Front. Immunol. 11, 906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110488","volume":"129","author":"DY Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong, D. Y. et al. Pediococcus acidilactici intake decreases the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis along with increasing mucin production and improving the gut Microbiome in nc\/nga mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 129, 110488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110488 (2020).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"16102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303611","volume":"62","author":"V Eeckhaut","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eeckhaut, V. et al. Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 62, 1745\u20131752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303611 (2013).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"16102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354989","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1354989","volume":"15","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Causal effect of gut microbiota of defluviitaleaceae on the clinical pathway of Influenza\u2013Subacute Thyroiditis\u2013Hypothyroidism. Front. Microbiol. 15, 1354989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1354989 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"16102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lacroix, S. et al. Rapid and concomitant gut microbiota and endocannabinoidome response to diet-induced obesity in mice. mSystems 4, e00407-19 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00407-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00407-19"},{"key":"16102_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040299","volume":"14","author":"YJ Jeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeong, Y. J., Park, H. Y., Nam, H. K. & Lee, K. W. Fermented Maillard reaction products by Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 alters the intestinal microbiota and improves dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice with colitis. Pharmaceuticals 14, 299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph14040299 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"16102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146162","volume":"11","author":"R Dziarski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dziarski, R., Park, S. Y., Kashyap, D. R., Dowd, S. E. & Gupta, D. Pglyrp-regulated gut microflora prevotella falsenii, parabacteroides distasonis and bacteroides eggerthii enhance and alistipes finegoldii attenuates colitis in mice. PLoS ONE. 11, e0146162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146162 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"16102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anshory, M. et al. Butyrate properties in immune-related diseases: friend or foe? Fermentation 9, 205 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fermentation9030205","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9030205"},{"key":"16102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060845","volume":"8","author":"S Yeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeo, S. et al. Anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota modulatory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain LDTM 7511 in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis murine model. Microorganisms 8, 845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8060845 (2020).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"16102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chowdhry, R. et al. Dysbiosis and variation in predicted functions of the granulation tissue Microbiome in HPV positive and negative severe chronic periodontitis. Biomed. Res. Int. 2019 (8163591). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8163591 (2019).","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8163591"},{"key":"16102_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2020.151391","volume":"310","author":"DH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, D. H. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum CBT LP3 ameliorates colitis via modulating T cells in mice. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 310, 151391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2020.151391 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"16102_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.81","volume":"2","author":"A Dai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dai, A. Drought under global warming: A review. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Clim. Change. 2, 45\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcc.81 (2011).","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Clim. Change"},{"key":"16102_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","volume":"16","author":"MG Rooks","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rooks, M. G. & Garrett, W. S. Gut microbiota, metabolites, and host immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 341\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.42 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121348","volume":"9","author":"SM McNabney","year":"2017","unstructured":"McNabney, S. M. & Henagan, T. M. Short chain fatty acids in the colon and peripheral tissues: A focus on butyrate, colon cancer, obesity, and insulin resistance. Nutrients 9, 1348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9121348 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"16102_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601247","volume":"198","author":"E Blacher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blacher, E., Levy, M., Tatirovsky, E. & Elinav, E. Microbiome-modulated metabolites at the interface of host immunity. J. Immunol. 198, 572\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1601247 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"16102_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118523","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhls.118523","volume":"7","author":"JA Sales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sales, J. A., Naebi, S., Nasiri, R. & Bannazadeh-Baghi, H. The antibiotic resistance pattern and prevalence of bla_tem, bla_shv, bla_CTX-M, bla_PSE-1, sipb\/c, and cmla\/tetr genes in Salmonella typhimurium isolated from children with diarrhea in tabriz, Iran. Int. J. Health Life Sci. 7, e118523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ijhls.118523 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Life Sci."},{"key":"16102_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gasparrini, A. J. et al. Tetracycline-inactivating enzymes from environmental, human commensal, and pathogenic bacteria cause broad-spectrum Tetracycline resistance. Commun. Biol. 3 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-020-0966-5 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0966-5"},{"key":"16102_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112218","volume":"10","author":"YR Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, Y. R. et al. Safety evaluation by phenotypic and genomic characterization of four Lactobacilli strains with probiotic properties. Microorganisms 10, 2218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10112218 (2022).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"16102_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.025","volume":"8","author":"S Soltani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soltani, S. et al. In vitro investigation of Gastrointestinal stability and toxicity of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (reuterin) produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Toxicol. Rep. 8, 740\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.025 (2021).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"16102_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, H. B. et al. Isolation, characterization, and safety assessment of Lactobacillus paracasei IDCC 3401. Microorganisms 12 (85). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12010085 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010085"},{"key":"16102_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108561","volume":"321","author":"AS Yordshahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yordshahi, A. S., Moradi, M., Tajik, H. & Molaei, R. Design and Preparation of antimicrobial meat wrapping nanopaper with bacterial cellulose and postbiotics of lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 321, 108561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108561 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"16102_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00096","volume":"13","author":"MJ Ko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ko, M. J., Mulia, G. E. & van Rijn, R. M. Commonly used anesthesia\/euthanasia methods for brain collection differentially impact MAPK activity in male and female C57BL\/6 mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2019.00096 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"16102_CR53","first-page":"491","volume":"56","author":"GP Boivin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boivin, G. P., Hickman, D. L., Creamer-Hente, M. A., Pritchett-Corning, K. R. & Bratcher, N. A. Review of CO\u2082 as a euthanasia agent for laboratory rats and mice. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 56, 491\u2013499 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"16102_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanaka, A. & Matsuda, H. Evaluation of itch by using NC\/NgaTnd mice: a model of human atopic dermatitis. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 790436 (2011). (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/790436","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/790436"},{"key":"16102_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","volume":"3","author":"TD Schmittgen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmittgen, T. D. & Livak, K. J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat. Protoc. 3, 1101\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2008.73 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"16102_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21021","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160921021","volume":"16","author":"H Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang, H. et al. Chlorella vulgaris attenuates dermatophagoides Farina induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in nc\/nga mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16, 21021\u201321034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160921021 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"16102_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods. 13, 581\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3869 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"16102_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.139","volume":"6","author":"D McDonald","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDonald, D. et al. An improved greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea. ISME J. 6, 610\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2011.139 (2012).","journal-title":"ISME J."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22267-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16102-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16102-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16102-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T05:37:16Z","timestamp":1759210636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16102-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16102-5","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22267-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22267-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22267-w","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were approved by the Chung-Ang University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Laboratory Animal Research Center (IACUC No. 2018-00022), and the study is reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines ().","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}}],"article-number":"30545"}}