{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T22:01:47Z","timestamp":1757628107923,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004160","name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["9193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Increasing resistance to antibiotics has led to research into new treatment options. Recent studies suggest the use of plant extracts as an alternative strategy. <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> is widely known for its efficacy against a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens. In this study, the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract and nanosilver of <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> fruit (FF-AgNPs) was investigated in BALB\/c mice infected with <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium (<jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>sT). The antimicrobial effect of <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> fruit and FF-AgNPs was evaluated by employing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>sT. The efficacy of the treatment in vivo was evaluated in mice by quantifying the viable population of <jats:italic>Ses<\/jats:italic>T ATCC 14028 purchased from the Iranian Biological Resource Center. Both MIC and MBC results showed a strong bactericidal effect of the <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> fruit and its nanosilver against <jats:italic>Se<\/jats:italic>sT. According to the colony count and weight measurement results of the mice, methanolic extract of <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> fruit and FF-AgNPs had acceptable antimicrobial efficacy. Also, none of the mice receiving these agents died, while a high mortality rate was observed in the infected group. Due to the continuous increase in microbial resistance and the importance of pathogenic bacteria in the healthcare system, there is a growing need for the use of complementary agents that possess antimicrobial properties. The findings of the current study suggest that methanolic extract of <jats:italic>Feijoa<\/jats:italic> fruit and FF-AgNPs can be considered as a beneficial antibiotic supplements due to their favorable antimicrobial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16334-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T02:58:58Z","timestamp":1756436338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Methanolic extract and nanosilver of Feijoa sellowiana reduce Salmonella typhimurium infection in female BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sajad","family":"Batyari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Ebrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ahanjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Moshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Aghamohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"16334_CR1","first-page":"9","volume":"62","author":"PS Mead","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V. & McCaig, L. F. Food-related illness and death in the United States. J. Environ. Health 62, 9 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"16334_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145416","volume":"10","author":"AL Boore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boore, A. L. et al. Salmonella enterica infections in the United States and assessment of coefficients of variation: A novel approach to identify epidemiologic characteristics of individual serotypes, 1996\u20132011. PLoS ONE 10, e0145416 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"16334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.504-521","volume":"12","author":"SM Jajere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jajere, S. M. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet. World. 12, 504 (2019).","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"16334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.09.018","volume":"10","author":"Y-T Hung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hung, Y.-T., Lay, C.-J., Wang, C.-L. & Koo, M. Characteristics of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in Taiwanese children: A 9-year period retrospective medical record review. J. Infect. Public Health 10, 518\u2013521 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"16334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1244","volume":"11","author":"GL Popa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popa, G. L. & Papa, M. I. Salmonella spp. infection-a continuous threat worldwide. Germs. 11, 88 (2021).","journal-title":"Germs."},{"key":"16334_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233666","volume":"13","author":"\u00c1 Gal\u00e1n-Rela\u00f1o","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n-Rela\u00f1o, \u00c1. et al. Salmonella and Salmonellosis: An update on public health implications and control strategies. Animals 13, 3666 (2023).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"16334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12611","volume":"66","author":"E Rukambile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rukambile, E., Sintchenko, V., Muscatello, G., Kock, R. & Alders, R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 66, 562\u2013578 (2019).","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"16334_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2557","volume":"16","author":"Z Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei, Z. et al. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis infections in sporadic diarrhea in children: source tracing and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 16, 244\u2013255 (2019).","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"16334_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202100201","volume":"61","author":"Z Jian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jian, Z. et al. Antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria: Occurrence, spread, and control. J. Basic Microbiol. 61, 1049\u20131070 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"16334_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S351755","volume":"15","author":"NA Nimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nimer, N. A. Nosocomial infection and antibiotic-resistant threat in the Middle East. Infect. Drug Resist. 15, 631\u20139 (2022).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"16334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.05.004","volume":"8","author":"PD Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta, P. D. & Birdi, T. J. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 8, 266\u2013275 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"16334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.08.054","volume":"226","author":"F Ram\u00edrez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez, F. & Kallarackal, J. Feijoa [Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret] pollination: A review. Sci. Hortic. 226, 333\u201341 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"issue":"3","key":"16334_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00122-3","volume":"13","author":"ML Vuotto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vuotto, M. L. et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Feijoa sellowiana fruit. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 13(3), 197\u2013201 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"226","key":"16334_CR14","first-page":"14","volume":"33","author":"A Barani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barani, A. et al. Evaluation of antihypoxic activities of Feijoa sellowiana, Nepeta pogonosperma and Cucumis melo in mice. J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci. 33(226), 14\u201327 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"16334_CR15","first-page":"1445","volume":"34","author":"M Mahmoudi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoudi, M. et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of polyphenols from Feijoa fruit and leaves. Pak J Pharm Sci. 34(4), 1445\u20131448 (2021).","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"16334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karsl\u0131, B. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of pulp, peel and leaves of Feijoa sellowiana: Effect of extraction techniques, solvents and concentration. (2021).","DOI":"10.3153\/FH21003"},{"key":"16334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666151019101826","volume":"18","author":"B Jamil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamil, B., Bokhari, H. & Imran, M. Mechanism of action: How nano-antimicrobials act?. Curr. Drug Targets 18, 363\u2013373 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"16334_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264946","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.264946","volume":"84","author":"G Al-Awsi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Awsi, G., Alameri, A., Al-Dhalimy, A., Gabr, G. & Kianfar, E. Application of nano-antibiotics in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Braz. J. Biol. 84, e264946 (2023).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"16334_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, E. S., Sharker, S. M., Islam, M. T., Khan, I. N., Shaw, S. & Rahman, M. A. et al. Targeting cancer cells with nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics: Current status and future perspectives. In Seminars in Cancer Biology 52\u201368 (Elsevier, 2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.01.011"},{"key":"16334_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, Y., Raj, K. & Singh, P. K. Promising nano-carriers-based targeted drug delivery Approaches for the effective treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. In Enzymatic Targets for Drug Discovery Against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Vol. 181 (2023)","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815136142123010011"},{"key":"16334_CR21","first-page":"21","volume":"7","author":"V Thamilselvi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thamilselvi, V. & Radha, K. A review on the diverse application of silver nanoparticle. IOSR J Pharm. 7, 21\u201327 (2017).","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm."},{"issue":"14","key":"16334_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520620666200619165910","volume":"20","author":"Z Hashemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashemi, Z. et al. Biogenic silver and zero-Valent iron nanoparticles by Feijoa: Biosynthesis, characterization, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Anti-Cancer Agents in Med. Chem. 20(14), 1673\u201387 (2020).","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents in Med. Chem."},{"key":"16334_CR23","first-page":"306","volume":"19","author":"Z Hashemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashemi, Z. et al. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Feijoa sellowiana leaf extract, evaluation of their antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant activities. Iran. J. Pharm. Res.: IJPR. 19, 306 (2020).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res.: IJPR."},{"key":"16334_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirambo, A. C., Nyirenda, T. S., Jambo, N., Msefula, C., Kamng\u2019ona, A., Molina, S. et al. Performance of molecular methods for the detection of Salmonella in human stool specimens. Wellcome Open Research. 5 (2020).","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16305.1"},{"key":"16334_CR25","first-page":"259","volume":"21","author":"BM Jwad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jwad, B. M., Mahmood, M. M. & Abd Aameer, A. H. Pathological and immunohistochemical assessment of Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity during oral experimental infection in mice. Medico-legal Update. 21, 259 (2021).","journal-title":"Medico-legal Update."},{"key":"16334_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","volume":"28","author":"JA Crump","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crump, J. A., Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson, M., Gordon, M. A. & Parry, C. M. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28, 901\u2013937 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"16334_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03005-9","volume":"77","author":"S Sharifzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharifzadeh, S., Mohammadpour, A. H., Tavanaee, A. & Elyasi, S. Antibacterial antibiotic-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: A literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 77, 275\u2013289 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"16334_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S270204","volume":"15","author":"MM Farouk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farouk, M. M., El-Molla, A., Salib, F. A., Soliman, Y. A. & Shaalan, M. The role of silver nanoparticles in a treatment approach for multidrug-resistant Salmonella species isolates. Int. J. Nanomed. 15, 6993\u20137011 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"16334_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.008","volume":"29","author":"S Naz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naz, S. et al. Therapeutic potential of selected medicinal plant extracts against multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 29, 941\u2013954 (2022).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"16334_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6677420","volume":"2021","author":"A Manilal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manilal, A. et al. Antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and meat-borne pathogens. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2021, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"16334_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaa04755","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755","volume":"10","author":"NA Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott, N. A. et al. Antibiotics induce sustained dysregulation of intestinal T cell immunity by perturbing macrophage homeostasis. Sci. Transl. Med. 10, eaa04755 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16334-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16334-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16334-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:31:30Z","timestamp":1757485890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16334-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16334-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest declared.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This research was approved by ethics committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, with ethical code IR.MAZUMS.REC.1400.9193.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"31811"}}