{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:53:44Z","timestamp":1780066424799,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16633-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T18:35:30Z","timestamp":1756665330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of SO\u2082 removal efficiency using a series non-thermal plasma reactor coupled with TiO\u2082 and ZnO photocatalysts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4295-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariush","family":"Shahbazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7140-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Alireza","family":"Hajiseyed Mirzahosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahrooz","family":"Saviz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5041-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Homayon","family":"Ahmadpanahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"16633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-011-0454-z","volume":"18","author":"P Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. Effects of sulfur dioxide pollution on the translocation and accumulation of heavy metals in soybean grain. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 18, 1090\u20131097 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"16633_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2013.03.019","volume":"114","author":"Y Mathieu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathieu, Y. et al. Adsorption of SOx by oxide materials: A review. Fuel Process. Technol. 114, 81\u2013100 (2013).","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"16633_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01197a","volume":"4","author":"JS Valente","year":"2011","unstructured":"Valente, J. S., Quintana-Solorzano, R. & Novel SO x removal catalysts for the FCC process: manufacture method, characterization, and pilot-scale testing. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4096\u20134107 (2011).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"16633_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13173-5","volume":"28","author":"N Damyar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Damyar, N. et al. Removal of sulfur dioxide from air using a packed-bed DBD plasma reactor (PBR) and in-plasma catalysis (IPC) hybrid system. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 28, 42821\u201342836 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"16633_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1021\/ef060067t","volume":"21","author":"H Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim, H., Han, J., Kawaguchi, I. & Minami, W. Simultaneous removal of nox and So2 by a nonthermal plasma hybrid reactor. Energy Fuels. 21, 141\u2013144 (2007).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"16633_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1021\/ie010459h","volume":"41","author":"Z Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen, Z. & Mathur, V. K. Nonthermal plasma for gaseous pollution control. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41, 2082\u20132089 (2002).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"16633_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62272-X","volume":"21","author":"F XU","year":"2009","unstructured":"XU, F. et al. Simultaneous oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by pulsed Corona discharge. J. Environ. Sci. 21, 328\u2013332 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"16633_CR8","unstructured":"ACGIH. No titletlvs and BEIs based on the Documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents & biological exposure indices. 54 (2015)."},{"key":"16633_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Sulfur trioxide removal by a Non-Base adsorbent from coal combustion flue gas. Fuel 370, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.131849"},{"key":"16633_CR10","unstructured":"Comission, E. \u6e08\u7121 Air Pollut Eng. Man. 4, 1\u201323 (2016)."},{"key":"16633_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2020.2977453","volume":"48","author":"M Akdemir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akdemir, M. & Hansu, F. Effect of dielectric barrier discharges on the elimination of some flue gases. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 48, 1030\u20131034 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"16633_CR12","first-page":"31","volume":"6","author":"J Ikaunieks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ikaunieks, J. et al. Non-thermal plasma for VOC treatment in flue gases. Environ. Clim. Technol. 6, 31\u201337 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Clim. Technol."},{"key":"16633_CR13","first-page":"1062","volume":"48","author":"C Subrahmanyam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Subrahmanyam, C. Catalytic non-thermal plasma reactor for total oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Indian J. Chem. - Sect. Inorg. Phys. Theor. Anal. Chem. 48, 1062\u20131068 (2009).","journal-title":"Indian J. Chem. - Sect. Inorg. Phys. Theor. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"16633_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200400028","volume":"1","author":"HH Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim, H. H. Nonthermal plasma processing for air-pollution control: A historical review, current issues, and future prospects. Plasma Process. Polym. 1, 91\u2013110 (2004).","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"16633_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2013.03.006","volume":"211","author":"A Nasonova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nasonova, A. & Kim, K. S. Effects of TiO2 coating on zeolite particles for NO and SO 2 removal by dielectric barrier discharge process. Catal. Today. 211, 90\u201395 (2013).","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"16633_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02706391","volume":"18","author":"YS Mok","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mok, Y. S., Lee, H. W., Hyun, Y. J., Ham, S. W. & Nam, I. S. Determination of decomposition rate constants of volatile organic compounds and nitric oxide in a pulsed Corona discharge reactor. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 18, 711\u2013718 (2001).","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"16633_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oda, T., Yamashita, R., Haga, I., Takahashi, T. & Masuda, S. Decomposition of gaseous organic contaminants by Surface Discharge Induced Plasma Chemical Processing-SPCP. Conf. Rec. - IAS Annu. Meet. (IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. 1570\u20131574 (1992). (1992)-Janua.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAS.1992.244376"},{"key":"16633_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-860X(02)00280-6","volume":"236","author":"A Ogata","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ogata, A. et al. Effect of coexisting components on aromatic decomposition in a packed-bed plasma reactor. Appl. Catal. Gen. 236, 9\u201315 (2002).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. Gen."},{"key":"16633_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022976204132","volume":"23","author":"MG Sobacchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sobacchi, M. G., Saveliev, A. V., Fridman, A. A., Gutsol, A. F. & Kennedy, L. A. Experimental assessment of pulsed Corona discharge for treatment of VOC emissions. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 23, 347\u2013370 (2003).","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"16633_CR20","unstructured":"Insulation, E., Phenomena, D., Dong, M. & Chi, X. C. Plasma chemical reaction for. Sci Technol 440\u2013443 (2003)."},{"key":"16633_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02697290","volume":"20","author":"SS Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim, S. S., Lee, H., Na, B. K. & Song, H. K. Reaction pathways of methane conversion in dielectric-barrier discharge. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 20, 869\u2013872 (2003).","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"16633_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anaghizi, S. J., Talebizadeh, P., Rahimzadeh, H. & Ghomi, H. The Configuration Effects of Electrode on the Performance of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for NOx Removal. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science vol. 43 1944\u20131953 at (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPS.2015.2422779","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2015.2422779"},{"key":"16633_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.10.043","volume":"185","author":"BM Obradovi\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Obradovi\u0107, B. M., Sretenovi\u0107, G. B. & Kuraica, M. M. A dual-use of DBD plasma for simultaneous nox and SO2 removal from coal-combustion flue gas. J. Hazard. Mater. 185, 1280\u20131286 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"16633_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014895409454","volume":"22","author":"H Ma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ma, H., Chen, P., Zhang, M., Lin, X. & Ruan, R. Study of SO2 removal using Non-thermal plasma induced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 22, 239\u2013254 (2002).","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"16633_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11040509","volume":"11","author":"V Vaiano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vaiano, V. & Iervolino, G. Non-thermal plasma-assisted catalytic reactions for environmental protection. Catalysts 11, 3\u20136 (2021).","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"16633_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.113944","volume":"260","author":"Y Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas, Y. et al. Remediation of pyrene contaminated soil by double dielectric barrier discharge plasma technology: performance optimization and evaluation. Environ. Pollut. 260, 113944 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"16633_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13408","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00362","volume":"115","author":"EC Neyts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neyts, E. C., Ostrikov, K., Sunkara, M. K. & Bogaerts, A. Plasma catalysis: synergistic effects at the nanoscale. Chem. Rev. 115, 13408\u201313446 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"16633_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40012","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13662D","volume":"5","author":"LJ Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, L. J. et al. Application of combined plasma-catalytic method for carbon particulate matter (PM) removal. RSC Adv. 5, 40012\u201340017 (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"16633_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-018-9938-7","volume":"39","author":"MS Hosseini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosseini, M. S., Mahabadi, A., Yarahmadi, R. & H. & Removal of toluene from air using a cycled Storage-Discharge (CSD) plasma catalytic process. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 39, 125\u2013142 (2019).","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"16633_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0373-8","volume":"25","author":"AA Najafpoor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Najafpoor, A. A., Jonidi Jafari, A., Hosseinzadeh, A., Khani Jazani, R. & Bargozin, H. Optimization of non-thermal plasma efficiency in the simultaneous elimination of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene from polluted airstreams using response surface methodology. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 25, 233\u2013241 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"16633_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.634-638.864","volume":"634\u2013638","author":"S Han","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han, S., Zhang, Q. & Chen, Z. Non-thermal plasma and catalyst system for simultaneously oxidizing SO2 and nox. Advanced Mater. Research Vols. 634\u2013638, 864\u2013868 (2013).","journal-title":"Advanced Mater. Research Vols"},{"key":"16633_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1088\/1009-0630\/10\/1\/11","volume":"10","author":"H Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, H., Han, J., Sakaguchi, Y. & Minami, W. Simultaneous oxidization of nox and SO2 by a new non-thermal plasma reactor enhanced by catalyst and additive. Plasma Sci. Technol. 10, 53\u201356 (2008).","journal-title":"Plasma Sci. Technol."},{"key":"16633_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(11)60015-3","volume":"19","author":"L Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, L. & Dang, Y. Removal of SO2 and nox by pulsed Corona combined with in situ Ca(OH)2 absorption. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 19, 518\u2013522 (2011).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"16633_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YU, Q. et al. wei Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from dry gas stream using non-thermal plasma. J. Environ. Sci. 19, 1393\u20131397 (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(07)60227-7"},{"key":"16633_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, H., Kim, H., Sakaguchi, Y. & Hong, Y. Reduction of nox and SO2 in a non-thermal plasma reactor combined with catalyst and methanol. J Phys. D Appl. Phys 41, 53-56 (2008).","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/41\/20\/205213"},{"key":"16633_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1163\/156856708784040597","volume":"34","author":"A Nasonova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nasonova, A., Kim, D. J., Kim, W. S. & Kim, K. S. Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 in a plasma reactor packed with TiO2-coated glass beads. Res. Chem. Intermed. 34, 309\u2013318 (2008).","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed"},{"key":"16633_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127376","volume":"310","author":"Z Razavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Razavi, Z., Mirghaffari, N., Alemrajabi, A. A., Davar, F. & Soleimani, M. Adsorption and photocatalytic removal of SO2 using natural and synthetic zeolites-supported TiO2 in a solar parabolic trough collector. J. Clean. Prod. 310, 127376 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"16633_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piera, E., Ayll\u00f3n, J., Dom\u00e9nech, X. & Peral, J. TiO2 deactivation during gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol. Catalysis Today vol. 76 259\u2013270 at (2002). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0920-5861(02)00224-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(02)00224-9"},{"key":"16633_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishnan, P., Zhang, M. H., Cheng, Y., Riang, D. T. & Yu, L. E. Photocatalytic degradation of SO2 using TiO2- containing silicate as a building coating material. Construction and Building Materials vol. 43 197\u2013202 at (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.012"},{"key":"16633_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, X. F. & Kou, S. C. Sulfur dioxide degradation by composite photocatalysts prepared by recycled fine aggregates and nanoscale titanium dioxide. Nanomaterials vol. 9 at (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano9111533","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111533"},{"key":"16633_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1021\/ie302713p","volume":"52","author":"HC Pham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pham, H. C. & Kim, K. S. Effect of TiO2 thin film thickness on NO and SO2 removals by dielectric barrier discharge-photocatalyst hybrid process. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 5296\u20135301 (2013).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"16633_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/16\/3\/005","volume":"16","author":"AB Saveliev","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saveliev, A. B., Pietsch, G. J., Murtazin, A. R. & Fried, A. SO2 removal from air with dielectric barrier discharges. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 16, 454\u2013469 (2007).","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"16633_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10078","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02342","volume":"33","author":"S Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui, S., Zhong, Z., Liao, Y., Qi, L. & Fu, D. Simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 via an integrated system of nonthermal plasma combined with catalytic oxidation and wet electrostatic precipitator. Energy Fuels. 33, 10078\u201310089 (2019).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"16633_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.07.089","volume":"283","author":"AM Vandenbroucke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke, A. M. et al. Combination of non-thermal plasma and Pd\/LaMnO3 for dilute trichloroethylene abatement. Chem. Eng. J. 283, 668\u2013675 (2016).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"16633_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.61.794","volume":"61","author":"M Tezuka","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tezuka, M. Anodic hydrogen evolution in contact Glow-Discharge electrolysis of sulfuric acid solution. Denki Kagaku. 61, 794 (1993).","journal-title":"Denki Kagaku"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16633-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16633-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16633-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T10:22:37Z","timestamp":1760350957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16633-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16633-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6755248\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32019"}}