{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:15:30Z","timestamp":1793042130535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16645-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:33:43Z","timestamp":1755765223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A nationwide population-based cross-sectional time series study of hospitalized chronic liver disease burden in Thailand from 2017 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2349-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rungfah","family":"Saehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apichat","family":"Kaewdech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0007-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pimsiri","family":"Sripongpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5753-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naichaya","family":"Chamroonkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6504-8123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teerha","family":"Piratvisuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suthat","family":"Liangpunsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ponlagrit","family":"Kumwichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"16645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00759-2","volume":"20","author":"DQ Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, D. Q. et al. Global epidemiology of cirrhosis\u2014aetiology, trends and predictions. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 388\u2013398 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR2","first-page":"e70001","volume":"45","author":"EKJ Tham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tham, E. K. J. et al. The global burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases in 2021. Liver Int. Off J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver. 45, e70001 (2025).","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"16645_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30349-8","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and National burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 245\u2013266 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","volume":"79","author":"H Devarbhavi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devarbhavi, H. et al. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J. Hepatol. 79, 516\u2013537 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","volume":"70","author":"SK Asrani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J. & Kamath, P. S. Burden of liver diseases in the world. J. Hepatol. 70, 151\u2013171 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health estimates 2015: disease burden by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000\u20132015. (2016). https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/global-health-estimates (accessed 9 Feb 2025)."},{"key":"16645_CR7","unstructured":"Cancer Today. https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today\/ (accessed 22 July 2025)."},{"key":"16645_CR8","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229\u2013263 (2024).","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"16645_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1171773","volume":"14","author":"K Poovorawan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poovorawan, K. et al. The burden of cirrhosis and impact of universal coverage public health care system in thailand: nationwide study. Ann. Hepatol. 14, 862\u2013868 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00310","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000310","volume":"12","author":"A Kaewdech","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaewdech, A. et al. Validation of the \u2018Six-and-Twelve\u2019 prognostic score in transarterial Chemoembolization-Treated hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 12, e00310 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"16645_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077842","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1077842","volume":"10","author":"A Kaewdech","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaewdech, A. et al. FAIL-T (AFP, AST, tumor sIze, ALT, and tumor number): a model to predict intermediate-stage HCC patients who are not good candidates for TACE. Front. Med. 10, 1077842 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"16645_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70526-z","volume":"14","author":"P Danpanichkul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danpanichkul, P. et al. Changes in the epidemiological trends of primary liver cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. Sci. Rep. 14, 19544 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"16645_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chantrakul, R. et al. Health-related quality of life in Thai patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterol. Rep. 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gastro\/goae015 (2024).","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goae015"},{"key":"16645_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2013.09.002","volume":"3","author":"S Thongsawat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thongsawat, S. et al. Resource utilization and direct medical costs of chronic hepatitis C in thailand: A heavy but manageable economic burden. Value Health Reg. Issues. 3, 12\u201318 (2014).","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"16645_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1472","volume":"4","author":"S Chirapongsathorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chirapongsathorn, S. et al. Thirty-day readmission and cost analysis in patients with cirrhosis: A nationwide population-based data. Hepatol. Commun. 4, 453\u2013460 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"16645_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.11.3701","volume":"23","author":"T Kitiyakara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kitiyakara, T. et al. Regional differences in admissions and treatment outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Thailand. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP. 23, 3701\u20133715 (2022).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"16645_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2020-000572","volume":"8","author":"KL Hayward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayward, K. L. et al. Detecting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors in health databases: accuracy and limitations of the ICD-10-AM. BMJ Open. Gastroenterol. 8, e000572 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"16645_CR18","unstructured":"Ahmad, O. B. et al. Age standardization of rates: A new WHO standard. GPE Discuss. Pap Ser. EIPGPEEBD World Health Organ  (2001)."},{"key":"16645_CR19","unstructured":"Wickham, H. RStudio. tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the \u2018Tidyverse\u2019. published online Feb 22. (2023). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tidyverse\/index.html (accessed 19 Feb 2025)."},{"key":"16645_CR20","unstructured":"Chongsuvivatwong, V. & epiDisplay Epidemiological Data Display Package. published online May 18. (2022). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/epiDisplay\/index.html (accessed 19 Feb 2025)."},{"key":"16645_CR21","unstructured":"Kassambara, A., Kosinski, M., Biecek, P. & Fabian, S. survminer: Drawing Survival Curves using \u2018ggplot2\u2019. ; published online Oct 30. (2024). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/survminer\/index.html (accessed 19 Feb 2025)."},{"key":"16645_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01750-1","volume":"28","author":"C Arsenault","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arsenault, C. et al. COVID-19 and resilience of healthcare systems in ten countries. Nat. Med. 28, 1314\u20131324 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"16645_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01720-w","volume":"21","author":"P Phisalprapa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phisalprapa, P. et al. Economic burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant fibrosis in Thailand. BMC Gastroenterol. 21, 135 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"16645_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101127","volume":"6","author":"P Sripongpun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sripongpun, P., Kaewdech, A., Udompap, P. & Kim, W. R. Characteristics and long-term mortality of individuals with MASLD, metald, and ALD, and the utility of SAFE score. JHEP Rep. Innov. Hepatol. 6, 101127 (2024).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep. Innov. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochoa-Allemant, P., Hubbard, R. A., Kaplan, D. E. & Serper, M. Cause-specific mortality in patients with steatotic liver disease in the United States. J. Hepatol. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.05.013"},{"key":"16645_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.04.026","volume":"77","author":"G Schomerus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schomerus, G. et al. The stigma of alcohol-related liver disease and its impact on healthcare. J. Hepatol. 77, 516\u2013524 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.33192\/smj.v76i4.267556","volume":"76","author":"A Kaewdech","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaewdech, A. & Sripongpun, P. Navigating the nomenclature of liver steatosis: transitioning from NAFLD to MAFLD and MASLD -Understanding affinities and differences. Siriraj Med. J. 76, 234\u2013243 (2024).","journal-title":"Siriraj Med. J."},{"key":"16645_CR28","first-page":"2076","volume":"41","author":"J Ampuero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ampuero, J. et al. Definite and indeterminate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis share similar clinical features and prognosis: A longitudinal study of 1893 biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease subjects. Liver Int. Off J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver. 41, 2076\u20132086 (2021).","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"16645_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26072","volume":"57","author":"D van der Poorten","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Poorten, D. et al. Hepatic fat loss in advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: are alterations in serum adiponectin the cause? Hepatol. Baltim. Md. 57, 2180\u20132188 (2013).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"key":"16645_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2018.10.001","volume":"27","author":"CM Harbaugh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harbaugh, C. M. & Cooper, J. N. Administrative databases. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 27, 353\u2013360 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"16645_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.8.3567","volume":"15","author":"K Somboon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Somboon, K., Siramolpiwat, S. & Vilaichone, R-K. Epidemiology and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma in the central region of Thailand. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP. 15, 3567\u20133570 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"16645_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.028","volume":"82","author":"B Sangro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sangro, B. et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 82, 315\u2013374 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.018","volume":"76","author":"M Reig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reig, M. et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J. Hepatol. 76, 681\u2013693 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"16645_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015179","volume":"9","author":"K Damrongplasit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Damrongplasit, K. & Melnick, G. Utilisation, out-of-pocket payments and access before and after COVID-19: thailand\u2019s universal health coverage scheme. BMJ Glob. Health. 9, e015179 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16645-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16645-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16645-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T18:16:19Z","timestamp":1757441779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16645-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16645-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Apichat Kaewdech received research grants or support from Roche, Roche Diagnostics, and Abbott Laboratories, and honoraria from Roche, Roche Diagnostics, Abbott Laboratories, and Esai. Dr. Liangpunsakul discloses consulting roles with Durect Corporation, Surrozen, and Korro Bio. However, these roles do not present any conflict of interest concerning the content of this work. Teerha Piratvisuth received research grants from Gilead Sciences, Roche Diagnostics, Janssen, Fibrogen, and VIR and honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Bayer, Abbott, Esai, Mylan, Ferring, and MSD. The other authors have no relevant conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was exempt from the Ethics committee in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Human Research Ethics Unit (HREU) of the Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University (REC number: REC.66-514-14-1). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, HREU waived the need of obtaining informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board approval"}}],"article-number":"30715"}}