{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:24:07Z","timestamp":1782213847605,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16675-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T01:34:13Z","timestamp":1756172053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The rural-urban disparity in the quality of life among people living with HIV under different household structures in China: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meilian","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"16675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3018(17)30066-8","volume":"4","author":"A Trickey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trickey, A. et al. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV. 4, e349\u2013e356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-3018(17)30066-8 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"16675_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_630_18","volume":"24","author":"M Akbari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akbari, M., Fararouei, M., Haghdoost, A. A., Gouya, M. M. & Kazerooni, P. A. Survival and associated factors among people living with HIV\/AIDS: A 30-year National survey in Iran. J. Res. Med. Sci. 24, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_630_18 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"16675_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-k","volume":"41","author":"The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL)","year":"1995","unstructured":"The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL). Position paper from the world health organization. Soc. Sci. Med. 41, 1403\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-k (1995).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"16675_CR4","unstructured":"UNAIDS. GLOBAL AIDS STRATEGY 2021\u20132026, (2021). https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2021\/2021-2026-global-AIDS-strategy"},{"key":"16675_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01702-2","volume":"19","author":"FT Nigusso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nigusso, F. T. & Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A. H. Health-related quality of life of people living with HIV\/AIDS: the role of social inequalities and disease-related factors. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 19, 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01702-2 (2021).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"16675_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4659-z","volume":"19","author":"H Ghiasvand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghiasvand, H. et al. Clinical determinants associated with quality of life for people who live with HIV\/AIDS: a meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv. Res. 19, 768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-019-4659-z (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"16675_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02271-0","volume":"28","author":"B Olson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olson, B. et al. Depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and health-related quality of life among older adults with HIV. Qual. Life Res. 28, 3313\u20133322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-019-02271-0 (2019).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"16675_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1497136","volume":"31","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shrestha, S. et al. Perceived social support, coping, and stigma on the quality of life of people living with HIV in Nepal: a moderated mediation analysis. AIDS Care. 31, 413\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2018.1497136 (2019).","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"16675_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-200510000-00005","volume":"28","author":"R Spirig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spirig, R., Moody, K., Battegay, M. & De Geest, S. Symptom management in HIV\/AIDS: advancing the conceptualization. ANS Adv. Nurs. Sci. 28, 333\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00012272-200510000-00005 (2005).","journal-title":"ANS Adv. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"16675_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02771-y","volume":"30","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. et al. Health-related quality of life and its predictors among adults living with HIV\/AIDS and receiving antiretroviral therapy in Pakistan. Qual. Life Res. 30, 1653\u20131664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-021-02771-y (2021).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"16675_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02898-y","volume":"31","author":"CJ Martin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martin, C. J., Muller, E., Labadarios, D., Veldman, F. J. & Kassier, S. M. Health-related quality of life and associated factors in HIV-positive transplant candidates and recipients from a HIV-positive donor. Qual. Life Res. 31, 171\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-021-02898-y (2022).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"16675_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1707472","volume":"33","author":"PM Musumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musumari, P. M. et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life among older adults living with HIV in Thailand: results from the baseline and follow-up surveys. AIDS Care. 33, 10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2019.1707472 (2021).","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"16675_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.12.018","volume":"107","author":"CH Logie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Logie, C. H. et al. HIV-related stigma, Racial discrimination, and gender discrimination: pathways to physical and mental health-related quality of life among a National cohort of women living with HIV. Prev. Med. 107, 36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.12.018 (2018).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"16675_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0013","volume":"33","author":"CH Logie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Logie, C. H., Ahmed, U., Tharao, W. & Loutfy, M. R. A structural equation model of factors contributing to quality of life among African and Caribbean women living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 33, 290\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2016.0013 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"16675_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.02.018","volume":"17","author":"AJ Kposowa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kposowa, A. J. Marital status and HIV\/AIDS mortality: evidence from the US National longitudinal mortality study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 17, e868\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.02.018 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"16675_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05908-z","volume":"21","author":"N Khademi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khademi, N. et al. Quality of life of HIV-infected individuals: insights from a study of patients in Kermanshah, Iran. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05908-z (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"16675_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley RH. The home environment. In: Friedman SL, Wachs TD, (editors) Measuring environment across the life span. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 1999. p. 31\u201358.","DOI":"10.1037\/10317-002"},{"key":"16675_CR18","first-page":"198","volume":"22","author":"Z Yongshu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yongshu, Z., Zhenkai, Y., Lu, Z., Yibing, C. & Hang, Y. Spatio-temporal evolution of the AIDS pattern in China. J. Geo-information Sci. 22, 198\u2013206 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geo-information Sci."},{"key":"16675_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X21666230123141922","author":"M Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie, M., Wang, A., Wang, K., Yu, Y. & Lin, Z. Effects of perceived social support on health-related quality of life in asymptomatic and symptomatic people living with HIV in China: a cross-sectional study. Curr. HIV Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570162X21666230123141922 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"16675_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03411-x","volume":"22","author":"M Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie, M., Wang, A., Wang, K., Yu, Y. & Lin, Z. Association between HIV duration and symptom distress among middle-aged and elderly people with HIV-infected in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 22, 728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03411-x (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"16675_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagos, L., Fessehaye, S. & Anand, I. S. Nature and prevalence of adverse drug reaction of antiretroviral medications in Halibet National referral hospital: a retrospective study. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9 (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9"},{"key":"16675_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/0954012031000105405","volume":"15","author":"WHOQOL-HIV-GROUP","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHOQOL-HIV-GROUP. Initial steps to developing the world health organization\u2019s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL) module for international assessment in HIV\/AIDS. AIDS Care. 15, 347\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0954012031000105405 (2003).","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"16675_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016382","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Liu, J. & Qu, B. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the WHOQOL-HIV BREF to assess quality of life among people living with HIV\/AIDS: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 7, e016382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016382 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"16675_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S369781","volume":"14","author":"M Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie, M., Wang, A. & Lin, Z. Prevalence of gynecological related symptoms and quality of life in women living with HIV\/AIDS: a secondary analysis from an online, cross-sectional survey in China. Int. J. Womens Health. 14, 1425\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJWH.S369781 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"16675_CR25","unstructured":"Xiaoqing, L. Research on the Model and System of Educational InVestment InnoVation Under the Perspective of Urban and Rural Areas Integrated (Southwest University, 2012)."},{"key":"16675_CR26","first-page":"51","volume":"40","author":"Z Li Xiang, Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Xiang, Guo, Z. & Yong, T. A. Review of research on dualistic economic structure theory in the new development landscape. J. Henan Univ. Sci. Technol. (Social Science). 40, 51\u201360 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Henan Univ. Sci. Technol. (Social Science)"},{"key":"16675_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.22217\/upi.2015.088","volume":"31","author":"H Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, H., Li, Z. & Wang, X. The construction of urban-rural dual structure from a central-local government perspective: study on the evolution of urban and rural China from the first five-year plan to the twelfth five-year plan. Urban Plann. Int. 31, 62\u201367 (2016).","journal-title":"Urban Plann. Int."},{"key":"16675_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/jnc.0000000000000025","volume":"30","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Hu, Y., Guo, M. & Williams, A. B. Urban and rural differences: unmet needs for symptom management in people living with HIV in China. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care. 30, 206\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jnc.0000000000000025 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"16675_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-3988(10)60064-5","volume":"23","author":"Y Sheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sheng, Y., Qiu, Z. Q., He, Y., Juniper, N. & Zhang, Y. Living conditions and palliative care needs among end-of-life former commercial plasma donors affected with HIV\/AIDS in rural Henan of China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 23, 279\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0895-3988(10)60064-5 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"16675_CR30","first-page":"13","volume":"7","author":"Y Wen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wen, Y. et al. Association of information sources and knowledge on HIV\/AIDS in rural China. Int. J. Collab. Res. Intern. Med. Public. Health. 7, 13\u201323 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Collab. Res. Intern. Med. Public. Health"},{"key":"16675_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2017.0113","volume":"31","author":"J Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. Implementation of a County-township-village allied HIV prevention and control intervention in rural China. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 31, 384\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2017.0113 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"16675_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02877-3","volume":"31","author":"K Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, K., Cheng, F., Dong, H., Dong, X. & Xu, J. Sexual orientation and quality of life of people living with HIV\/AIDS in China: evidence from an institutional-based cross-sectional study. Qual. Life Res. 31, 125\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-021-02877-3 (2022).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"16675_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.06.007","volume":"122","author":"YJ Meng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meng, Y. J. et al. Quality of life and hostile mentality trend of patients with HIV\/AIDS in China. Public. Health. 122, 404\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.06.007 (2008).","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"key":"16675_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.04.006","volume":"24","author":"L Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, L. et al. Self-efficacy, medication adherence, and quality of life among people living with HIV in Hunan Province of China: a questionnaire survey. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care. 24, 145\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2012.04.006 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"16675_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11321-7","volume":"21","author":"SSI Wardojo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wardojo, S. S. I., Huang, Y. L. & Chuang, K. Y. Determinants of the quality of life amongst HIV clinic attendees in Malang, Indonesia. BMC Public. Health. 21, 1272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11321-7 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"16675_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1998-x","volume":"28","author":"Y Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Changes and determinants of health-related quality of life among people newly diagnosed with HIV in China: a 1-year follow-up study. Qual. Life Res. 28, 35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-018-1998-x (2019).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"16675_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Medeiros, R. et al. Quality of life, socioeconomic and clinical factors, and physical exercise in persons living with HIV\/AIDS. Rev. Saude Publica. 51 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1518-8787.2017051006266 (2017).","DOI":"10.1590\/s1518-8787.2017051006266"},{"key":"16675_CR38","first-page":"72","volume":"1","author":"N He","year":"2007","unstructured":"He, N. Sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and HIV risks of rural-to-urban migrants in China. Biosci. Trends. 1, 72\u201380 (2007).","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"16675_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-016-0252-y","volume":"14","author":"B Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu, B. et al. Migration stress, poor mental health, and engagement in sex with high-risk partners: a mediation modeling analysis of data from rural-to-urban migrants in China. Sex. Res. Social Policy. 14, 467\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-016-0252-y (2017).","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Social Policy"},{"key":"16675_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312006","volume":"19","author":"W Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, W., Chen, L., He, L. & Chai, C. Urban-rural disparity in risky sexual behavior, HIV knowledge, and healthy practices among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Southeast China. PLoS One. 19, e0312006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312006 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"16675_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-490","volume":"14","author":"X Zou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zou, X. et al. Rural-to-urban migrants are at high risk of sexually transmitted and viral hepatitis infections in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-490 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"16675_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044522","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044522","volume":"11","author":"S Fletcher-Hildebrand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fletcher-Hildebrand, S. et al. Understanding the impact of a residential housing programme for people living with HIV\/AIDS: a realist evaluation protocol. BMJ Open. 11, e044522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044522 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16675-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16675-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16675-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T23:05:42Z","timestamp":1757459142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16675-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16675-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, where the study was conducted, and the reference number is DTEC-KY2021-015-01. All participants signed written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors declare that our manuscript can be gotten informed consent for publication. We also state that the details will be freely available on the internet and may be seen by the general public.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We extend our gratitude to the patients and members of the public who contributed to this research project. Their input and participation were integral to various stages of the study, including refining research questions, reviewing study materials, and providing feedback on preliminary findings. By actively involving patients or the public, we aimed to ensure that our research remains patient-centered and addresses the community\u2019s needs and concerns.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient or public contribution"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31328"}}