{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:41:34Z","timestamp":1792096894015,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine\u2019s Proposed Research Initiated by Students and Mentors"},{"name":"K23","award":["EY03525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY03525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16792-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:21:53Z","timestamp":1758806513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing infant pain and stress during retinopathy of prematurity screening using ophthalmoscopy and non-contact imaging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Urjita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euna","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaiza","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He Eun","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sera","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madi","family":"Kore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Sidelnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Shats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Kolosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaka","family":"Onyekaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noela","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Fernandez","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah J.","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran R.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sripriya","family":"Sundararajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet Leath","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"16792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053924","volume":"150","author":"K Sabri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabri, K., Ells, A. L., Lee, E. Y., Dutta, S. & Vinekar, A. Retinopathy of prematurity: A global perspective and recent developments. Pediatrics 150, 3 (2022).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"16792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mataftsi, A. et al. Avoiding use of lid speculum and indentation reduced infantile stress during retinopathy of prematurity examinations. Acta Ophthalmol. 100, 128\u2013134 (2022).","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15085"},{"key":"16792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onuagu, V., Gardner, F., Soni, A. & Doheny, K. K. Autonomic measures identify stress, pain, and instability associated with retinopathy of prematurity ophthalmologic examinations. Front. Pain Res. 3, 1032513 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.1032513"},{"key":"16792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.0377","volume":"139","author":"S Mangalesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mangalesh, S. et al. Preterm infant stress during handheld optical coherence tomography vs binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy examination for retinopathy of prematurity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 139, 567\u2013574 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"16792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101208","volume":"97","author":"S Hoyek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoyek, S. et al. Identification of novel biomarkers for retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants by use of innovative technologies and artificial intelligence. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 97, 101208 (2023).","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"16792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, F. et al. Evaluation of procedural pain for neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit: A single-centre study. BMJ Paediatr. Open 7, e002107 (2023).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002107"},{"key":"16792_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangalesh, S. & Toth, C. A. Preterm infant retinal OCT markers of perinatal health and retinopathy of prematurity. Front. Pediatr. 11, 1238193 (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1238193"},{"key":"16792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2023.06.010","volume":"24","author":"L Glenzel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Glenzel, L., do Nascimento Oliveira, P., Marchi, B. S., Ceccon, R. F. & Moran, C. A. Validity and reliability of pain and behavioral scales for preterm infants: A systematic review. Pain Manag. Nurs. 24, e84\u2013e96 (2023).","journal-title":"Pain Manag. Nurs."},{"key":"16792_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.06.001","volume":"125","author":"THM Fung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fung, T. H. M., Abramson, J., Ojha, S. & Holden, R. Systemic effects of optos versus indirect ophthalmoscopy for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Ophthalmol. Sci. 125, 1829\u20131832 (2018).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"16792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, T. et al. Neonatal vital signs using noncontact laser speckle contrast imaging compared to standard care in retinopathy of prematurity screening. J. AAPOS 26, e38\u2013e39 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2022.08.144"},{"key":"16792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0160-5","volume":"38","author":"SG Prakalapakorn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prakalapakorn, S. G. et al. Non-contact retinal imaging compared to indirect ophthalmoscopy for retinopathy of prematurity screening: Infant safety profile. J. Perinatol. 38, 1266\u20131269 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"16792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moral-Pumarega, M. T. et al. Pain and stress assessment after retinopathy of prematurity screening examination: Indirect ophthalmoscopy versus digital retinal imaging. BMC Pediatr. 12, 132 (2012).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-132"},{"key":"16792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A. N., Watts, P., Al-Madfai, H., Manoj, B. & Roberts, D. Impact of retinopathy of prematurity screening examination on cardiorespiratory indices. A comparison of indirect ophthalmoscopy and retcam imaging. Ophthalmol. Sci. 113, 1547\u20131552 (2006).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.056"},{"key":"16792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.050","volume":"167","author":"KC Wade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wade, K. C. et al. Safety of retinopathy of prematurity examination and imaging in premature infants. J. Pediatri. 167, 994\u20131000e2 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatri."},{"key":"16792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaliwal, C. A., Wright, E., McIntosh, N., Dhaliwal, K. & Fleck, B. W. Pain in neonates during screening for retinopathy of prematurity using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and wide-field digital retinal imaging: A randomised comparison. Arch Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed 95, F146\u2013F148 (2010).","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.168971"},{"key":"16792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2013.2243140","volume":"6","author":"J Senarathna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Senarathna, J., Rege, A., Li, N. & Thakor, N. V. Laser speckle contrast imaging: Theory, instrumentation and applications. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 6, 99\u2013110 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"16792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K. A. et al. Portable, non-invasive video imaging of retinal blood flow dynamics. Sci. Rep. 10, 20236 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76407-5"},{"key":"16792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01570-6","volume":"35","author":"MJ Marino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marino, M. J., Gehlbach, P. L., Rege, A. & Jiramongkolchai, K. Current and novel multi-imaging modalities to assess retinal oxygenation and blood flow. Eye 35, 2962\u20132972 (2021).","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"16792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.10.005","volume":"5","author":"A Vinnett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vinnett, A. et al. Dynamic alterations in blood flow in glaucoma measured with laser speckle contrast imaging. Ophthalmol. Glaucoma. 5, 250\u2013261 (2022).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Glaucoma"},{"key":"16792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-017-0536-7","volume":"61","author":"T Matsumoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsumoto, T. et al. Decreased ocular blood flow after photocoagulation therapy in neonatal retinopathy of prematurity. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 61, 484\u2013493 (2017).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"16792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3362-6","volume":"254","author":"T Matsumoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsumoto, T. et al. Ocular blood flow values measured by laser speckle flowgraphy correlate with the postmenstrual age of normal neonates. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 254, 1631\u20131636 (2016).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"16792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100463","volume":"4","author":"D Shats","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shats, D. et al. Association of speckle-based blood flow measurements and fluorescein angiography in infants with retinopathy of prematurity association of speckle-based blood flow measurements and fluorescein angiography in infants with retinopathy. Ophthalmol. Sci. 4, 100463 (2024).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"16792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1892486","volume":"18","author":"DC DeBuc","year":"2021","unstructured":"DeBuc, D. C., Rege, A. & Smiddy, W. E. Use of XYCAM RI for noninvasive visualization and analysis of retinal blood flow dynamics during clinical investigations. Expert Rev. Med. Devices. 18, 225\u2013237 (2021).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"16792_CR24","unstructured":"Hummel, P. A., Puchalski, M. L., Creech, S. D. & Weiss, M. G. N-PASS: Neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale-reliability and validity. Pediatr. Res. 53, 456A\u2013457A (2003)."},{"key":"16792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummel, P., Lawlor-Klean, P. & Weiss, M. G. Validity and reliability of the N-PASS assessment tool with acute pain. J. Perinatol. 30, 474\u2013478 (2010).","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.185"},{"key":"16792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X","volume":"377","author":"S Fleming","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fleming, S. et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 377, 1011\u20131018 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"16792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0757-3","volume":"41","author":"Z Alhassen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alhassen, Z., Vali, P., Guglani, L., Lakshminrusimha, S. & Ryan, R. M. Recent advances in pathophysiology and management of transient tachypnea of newborn. J. Perinatol. 41, 6\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"16792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3307","volume":"169","author":"V Manja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manja, V., Lakshminrusimha, S. & Cook, D. J. Oxygen saturation target range for extremely preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 169, 332\u2013340 (2015).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"16792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1609","author":"V Manja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manja, V., Saugstad, O. D. & Lakshminrusimha, S. Oxygen saturation targets in preterm infants and outcomes at 18\u201324 months: A systematic review. Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1609 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"16792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14585","volume":"27","author":"XZ Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, X. Z. et al. Evaluation of three pain assessment scales used for ventilated neonates. J. Clin. Nurs. 27, 3522\u20133529 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"16792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.111519","author":"H Jancova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jancova, H. & Pokorna, P. Multimodal pain management in extremely low birth weight neonates after major abdominal surgery. Top. Postop Pain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.111519 (2023).","journal-title":"Top. Postop Pain"},{"key":"16792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/AOS.15800","author":"LW Rowe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rowe, L. W., Belamkar, A., Antman, G., Hajrasouliha, A. R. & Harris, A. Vascular imaging findings in retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/AOS.15800 (2023).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"16792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, R. H. et al. Ocular blood flow in preterm neonates: A preliminary report. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 10, 22 (2021).","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.2.22"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16792-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16792-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16792-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:21:56Z","timestamp":1758806516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-16792-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16792-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32771"}}