{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:08:58Z","timestamp":1757617738246,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017160","name":"Beni Suef University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The development of environmentally friendly and highly efficient materials is critical for next-generation antibacterial and optoelectronic applications. In this study, we present the successful synthesis of a novel lead-free perovskite, KCsSnI<jats:sub>1.7<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>1.3<\/jats:sub>, via a rapid and scalable chemical bath deposition method at 150\u00a0\u00b0C for just 5\u00a0min. The resulting film features well-defined orthorhombic, pyramid-like crystals with uniform grain sizes (800\u20131000\u00a0nm) and a compact, pinhole-free morphology. Remarkably, the material exhibits strong optical absorption up to 800\u00a0nm, positioning it as a promising candidate for hot electron generation and light-driven applications. KCsSnI<jats:sub>1.7<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>1.3<\/jats:sub> also demonstrated outstanding antibacterial performance, showing broad-spectrum activity against multiple bacterial strains. The highest inhibition was recorded against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, with inhibition zones increasing from 17\u00a0mm in the dark to 35\u00a0mm under UV illumination\u2014highlighting its efficient photocatalytic response. The antibacterial effect followed the order: <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009<jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> sp., and was significantly enhanced with increasing concentrations (100\u2013400 ppm). No inhibition was observed in control wells, confirming the selective activity of the material. With its lead-free composition, strong light-harvesting ability, and exceptional antibacterial properties, KCsSnI<jats:sub>1.7<\/jats:sub>Cl<jats:sub>1.3<\/jats:sub> emerges as a highly promising material for future applications in antibacterial coatings, water purification systems, and advanced optoelectronic devices. Its green synthesis, scalability, and multifunctionality offer a sustainable pathway toward real-world deployment in environmental and biomedical fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17357-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T12:53:10Z","timestamp":1756731190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lead-free perovskite KCsSnI1.7Cl1.3 material exhibiting superior photocatalytic antimicrobial activity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canan","family":"Can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Rabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"17357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gatsios, A., Kim, C. S. & Crawford, J. M. Escherichia coli small molecule metabolism at the host\u2013microorganism interface. Nat. Chem. Biol. 17(10), 1016\u20131026.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41589-021-00807-5 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-021-00807-5"},{"issue":"11","key":"17357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0763-4","volume":"5","author":"HB Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, H. B. et al. Sulfamethoxazole drug stress upregulates antioxidant immunomodulatory metabolites in Escherichia coli. Nat. Microbiol. 5 (11), 1319\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-020-0763-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"17357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(19)30498-x","volume":"8","author":"KD Tickell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tickell, K. D. et al. The effect of acute malnutrition on enteric pathogens, moderate-to-severe diarrhea, and associated mortality in the global enteric multicenter study cohort: A post-hoc analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 8 (2), e215\u2013e224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(19)30498-x (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"17357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yagnik, D., Ward, M. & Shah, A. J. Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1\u20137.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78407-x (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78407-x"},{"issue":"12(1)","key":"17357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25383-z","volume":"2021 12:1","author":"W Xi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xi, W. et al. Point-of-care antimicrobial coating protects orthopaedic implants from bacterial challenge. Nat. Commun. 12 (1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25383-z (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"17357_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92006-4","volume":"2021 11:1","author":"P Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, P. et al. Silver nanoparticles produced from cedecea sp. exhibit antibiofilm activity and remarkable stability. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92006-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"17357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s246764","volume":"15","author":"IX Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin, I. X. et al. The antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and its application in dentistry. Int. J. Nanomed. 15, 2555\u20132562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.s246764 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"17357_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zahid, S., Shah, A. T., Jamal, A., Chaudhry, A. A., Khan, A. S., Khan, A. F., et al. Biological behavior of bioactive glasses and their composites. RSC Adv. 6(74), 70197\u201370214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C6RA07819B (2016).","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA07819B"},{"issue":"39","key":"17357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300999","DOI":"10.1002\/CHEM.202300999","volume":"29","author":"L Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin, L. et al. Lead-free perovskite Cs2SnBr6\/rGO composite for photocatalytic selective oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran. Chem. Eur. J. 29 (39), e202300999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/CHEM.202300999 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"issue":"18","key":"17357_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300410","DOI":"10.1002\/SOLR.202300410","volume":"7","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Hu, B., Li, Y. & Zhang, G. Lead-free halide perovskite photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: A review. Solar RRL. 7 (18), 2300410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/SOLR.202300410 (2023).","journal-title":"Solar RRL"},{"issue":"1","key":"17357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSMATERIALSLETT.2C00829","volume":"5","author":"P Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, P., Han, K. & Chen, J. Recent advances in lead-free halide perovskites for photocatalysis. ACS Mater. Lett. 5 (1), 60\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSMATERIALSLETT.2C00829 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"17357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117135","DOI":"10.1016\/J.POLY.2024.117135","volume":"261","author":"MM Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam, M. M., Harun-Or-Rashid, M., Irfan, A., Chaudhry, A. R. & Rahman, M. F. Unlocking the structural, mechanical, optical, and electronic properties of novel inorganic cubic lead free halide perovskites Ca3SbX3 (X\u2009=\u2009F, cl, br, I). Polyhedron. 261, 117135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.POLY.2024.117135 (2024).","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"issue":"49","key":"17357_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54694","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSAMI.0C16107\/SUPPL_FILE\/AM0C16107_SI_001.PDF","volume":"12","author":"GN Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, G. N. et al. Design, synthesis, and photocatalytic application of moisture-stable hybrid lead-free perovskite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (49), 54694\u201354702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSAMI.0C16107\/SUPPL_FILE\/AM0C16107_SI_001.PDF (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"17357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng, J., Mak, C. H., Yu, L., Han, B., Shen, H. H., Santoso, S. P., et al. Structural modification strategies, interfacial charge-carrier dynamics, and solar energy conversion applications of organic\u2013inorganic halide perovskite photocatalysts. Small Methods. 8(2), 2300429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/SMTD.202300429 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/SMTD.202300429"},{"issue":"5","key":"17357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001019","DOI":"10.1002\/ENTE.202001019","volume":"9","author":"Z Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Ning, H. & Zhang, J. Tackling challenges in perovskite-type metal oxide photocatalysts. Energy Technol. 9 (5), 2001019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ENTE.202001019 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"17357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan, C., He, Y., Chen, R., Sun, Y., Li, J., Cui, W., et al. Perovskite nanocrystals-based heterostructures: synthesis strategies, interfacial effects, and photocatalytic applications. Solar RRL. 5(2), 2000419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/SOLR.202000419 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/SOLR.202000419"},{"key":"17357_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aliev, Z. M. et al. The use of innovative materials in the organization of clinical treatment in dentistry. J. Pharm. Res. Int. 6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/JPRI\/2021\/V33I51A33461 (2021).","DOI":"10.9734\/JPRI\/2021\/V33I51A33461"},{"key":"17357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soren, S., Chakroborty, S., Mahalik, R. R., Parhi, P., Pal, K., Behera, D., et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of cerium-based perovskite(CeCuO3) synthesized by a hydrothermal method. New J. Chem. 46(40), 19147\u201319152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2NJ03646K (2022).","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ03646K"},{"issue":"22","key":"17357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214542","DOI":"10.1002\/ADFM.202214542","volume":"33","author":"ZY Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. Y. & Wang, G. P. Resonant coherent acoustic oscillation in nanoscale Ruddlesden\u2013Popper perovskite films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 (22), 2214542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ADFM.202214542 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"17357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300078","DOI":"10.1002\/TCR.202300078","volume":"23","author":"F Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi, F., Pu, Y., Wu, D., Tang, X. & Huang, Q. Recent advances and future perspectives of lead-free halide perovskites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Chem. Record. 23 (10), e202300078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/TCR.202300078 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Record"},{"issue":"5","key":"17357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC04148K","volume":"11","author":"H Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng, H. et al. Mode-locking pulse generation based on lead-free halide perovskite CsCu2I3 micro-rods with high stability. J. Mater. Chem. C. 11 (5), 1696\u20131703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2TC04148K (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"24","key":"17357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14613","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.ENERGYFUELS.2C03058\/ASSET","volume":"36","author":"J Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. Recent progress and perspectives on nonlead halide perovskites in photocatalytic applications. Energy Fuels. 36 (24), 14613\u201314624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.ENERGYFUELS.2C03058\/ASSET (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"17357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109422","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MTCOMM.2024.109422","volume":"40","author":"M Biswas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biswas, M. et al. An inclusive study of lead-free perovskite CsMI3 materials for photovoltaic and optoelectronic appliance explored by a first principles study. Mater. Today Commun. 40, 109422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MTCOMM.2024.109422 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"17357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105687","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SURFIN.2024.105687","volume":"56","author":"M Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, M. et al. Lead-free halide perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 microcrystals composited with core-shell Au@TiO2 nanospheres for efficient visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. Surf. Interfaces. 56, 105687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SURFIN.2024.105687 (2025).","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"17357_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/AM.13.2.279-280.1965","volume":"13","author":"RA Beargie","year":"1965","unstructured":"Beargie, R. A., Bracken, E. C. & Riley, H. D. Micromethod (Spot-Plate) determination of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (2), 279\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AM.13.2.279-280.1965 (1965).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"38","key":"17357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13474","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC02867G","volume":"9","author":"G Xiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiong, G. et al. Highly efficient and stable broadband near-infrared-emitting lead-free metal halide double perovskites. J. Mater. Chem. C. 9 (38), 13474\u201313483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1TC02867G (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"issue":"30","key":"17357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16447","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JPCC.7B06278\/SUPPL_FILE\/JP7B06278_SI_001.PDF","volume":"121","author":"G Rajendra Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajendra Kumar, G., Kim, H. J., Karupannan, S. & Prabakar, K. Interplay between iodide and Tin vacancies in CsSnI3 perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C. 121 (30), 16447\u201316453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.JPCC.7B06278\/SUPPL_FILE\/JP7B06278_SI_001.PDF (2017).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"10","key":"17357_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.3390\/NANO11102617","volume":"11","author":"A Almohammedi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almohammedi, A., Shaban, M., Mostafa, H. & Rabia, M. Nanoporous TiN\/TiO2\/Alumina membrane for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from sewage water. Nanomaterials. 11 (10), 2617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NANO11102617 (2021).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"17357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadel, M. S. S. et al. Effect of annealing temperature on VO2(M)\/ITO film nanomaterials for thermochromic smart windows application and study its contact angle. 12(1), 016009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JNP.12 (2018).","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JNP.12.016009"},{"key":"17357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmad, Z. et al. Instability in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells due to elemental migration and chemical composition changes. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-15841-4 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15841-4"},{"key":"17357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.03.002","volume":"220","author":"L Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiao, L. et al. Preparation of CH3NH3PbCl3 film with a large grain size using PbI2 as Pb source and its application in photodetector. Mater. Lett. 220, 108\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.03.002 (2018).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"17357_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956","volume":"12","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, L., Hu, C. & Shao, L. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future. Int. J. Nanomed. 12, 1227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S121956 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"3","key":"17357_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/S40820-015-0040-X\/TABLES\/2","volume":"7","author":"A Sirelkhatim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sirelkhatim, A. et al. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett. 7 (3), 219\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40820-015-0040-X\/TABLES\/2 (2015).","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-17357-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-17357-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-17357-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T11:54:20Z","timestamp":1757159660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-17357-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["17357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-17357-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32185"}}