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All animal procedures for experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal care and handling techniques were approved (SAAS2023011) by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Moreover, all applicable rules and regulation of the organization and government were followed regarding the ethical use of experimental animal. Confirming that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"In relation to the biosafety protocols applied to the novel duck picornavirus in this study, we affirm that this pathogen exhibits mild pathogenicity in ducklings, with no mortality observed, thus classifying it as a low-risk agent (WHO Risk Group 1). It is transmitted through fecal-oral and respiratory routes in avian hosts and lacks zoonotic potential to humans. All experimental procedures involving viral amplification and manipulation were conducted in a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) facility in compliance with NIH\/CDC guidelines. Personnel wore disposable lab coats and nitrile gloves, conducted live virus operations exclusively within Class II biological safety cabinets, performed immediate surface decontamination using 75% ethanol, and subjected contaminated waste to terminal sterilization by autoclaving at 121\u00a0\u00b0C for 30\u00a0min, with validation through biological indicators.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Biosafety statement"}}],"article-number":"33139"}}