{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:26:05Z","timestamp":1783023965265,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Irish Government","award":["CS\/21\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS\/21\/005"]}]},{"name":"Irish Government","award":["CS\/21\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS\/21\/005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18210-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:01:01Z","timestamp":1759489261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of temporal, geographical and environmental factors on salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) levels of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bela","family":"Klimesova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Lyashevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Ruane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"D\u2019Arcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamish","family":"Rodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"O\u2019Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"18210_CR1","first-page":"28","volume":"6","author":"D Jackson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jackson, D., Hassett, D. & Copley, L. Integrated lice management on Irish salmon farms. Fish Vet. J. 6, 28\u201338 (2002).","journal-title":"Fish Vet. J."},{"key":"18210_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60233-X","volume":"353","author":"AW Pike","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pike, A. W. & Wadsworth, S. L. Sealice on salmonids: Their biology and control. Adv. Parasitol. 353, 233\u2013337 (1999).","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"18210_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.476","volume":"58","author":"CW Revie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Revie, C. W., Gettinby, G., Treasurer, J. W., Rae, G. H. & Clark, N. Temporal, environmental and management factors influencing the epidemiological patterns of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland. Pest Manag. Sci. 58, 576\u2013584 (2002).","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"18210_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2003.00490.x","volume":"26","author":"PA Heuch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heuch, P. A., Revie, C. W. & Gettinby, G. A comparison of epidemiological patterns of salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infections on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Norway and Scotland. J. Fish Dis. 26, 539\u2013551 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2004.01101.x","volume":"35","author":"JD Westcott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Westcott, J. D., Hammell, K. L. & Burka, J. F. Sea lice treatments, management practices and sea lice sampling methods on Atlantic salmon farms in the bay of fundy, New Brunswick Canada. Aquac. Res. 35, 784\u2013792 (2004).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"18210_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1163\/18759866-0690102015","volume":"69","author":"GA Boxshall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boxshall, G. A. & Bravo, S. On the identity of the common Caligus (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) from salmonid Netpen systems in southern Chile. Contrib. Zool. 69, 137\u2013146 (2000).","journal-title":"Contrib. Zool."},{"key":"18210_CR7","first-page":"8","volume":"43","author":"SC Johnson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson, S. C., Treasurer, J. W., Bravo, S., Nagasawa, K. & Kabata, Z. A review of the impact of parasitic copepods on marine aquaculture. Zool. Stud. 43, 8\u201319 (2004).","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"18210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12299","volume":"11","author":"K Overton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Overton, K. et al. Sea lice treatments and salmon mortality in Norwegian aquaculture: A review. Rev. Aquac. 11, 1398\u20131417 (2019).","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"18210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93874-6","volume":"11","author":"VHS Oliveira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliveira, V. H. S., Dean, K. R., Qviller, L., Kirkeby, C. & Jensen, B. B. Factors associated with baseline mortality in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. Sci. Rep. 11, 14702 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"18210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83876-5","volume":"14","author":"S Jyoti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jyoti, S. et al. Spatiotemporal patterns of mortality events in farmed Atlantic salmon in British Columbia, Canada, using publicly available data. Sci. Rep. 14, 32122 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"18210_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes5020011","volume":"5","author":"K Cerbule","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cerbule, K. & Godfroid, J. Salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer)) control methods and efficacy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar (Linnaeus)) aquaculture: A literature review. Fishes 5, 3\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"18210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12470","volume":"13","author":"T Erkinharju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erkinharju, T., Dalmo, R. A., Hansen, M. & Seternes, T. Cleaner fish in aquaculture: Review on diseases and vaccination. Rev. Aquac. 13, 1\u201323 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"18210_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740274","volume":"580","author":"AS Boerlage","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boerlage, A. S. et al. Sea lice management measures for farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland: Costs and effectiveness. Aquaculture 580, 740274 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740131","volume":"579","author":"M Guttu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guttu, M., Gaas\u00f8, M., B\u00e5tnes, A. S. & Olsen, Y. The decline in sea lice numbers during freshwater treatments in salmon aquaculture. Aquaculture 579, 740131 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00309-4","volume":"187","author":"JW Treasurer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Treasurer, J. W. & Pope, J. A. Selection of host sample number and design of a monitoring programme for ectoparasitic sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) on farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Aquaculture 187, 247\u2013260 (2000).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738865","volume":"563","author":"J Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Arriagada, G. & Revie, C. W. Targets and measures: Challenges associated with reporting low sea lice levels on Atlantic salmon farms. Aquaculture 563, 1\u20137 (2023).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"J D\u2019Arcy","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Arcy, J. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland\u20142023. Irish Fish. Bull. 55, 1\u201338 (2024).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR18","unstructured":"Dennis, J., Jackson, E. & Perry, S. Annual aquaculture report: Findings of the national seafood survey. Bord Iascaigh Mhara. BIM. 1\u201354 https:\/\/bim.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Annual-Aquaculture-report-2022.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"18210_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3354\/dao057085","volume":"57","author":"CW Revie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Revie, C. W., Gettinby, G., Treasurer, J. W. & Wallace, C. Identifying epidemiological factors affecting sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance on Scottish salmon farms using general linear models. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 57, 85\u201395 (2003).","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"18210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.12.002","volume":"104","author":"C Hamilton-West","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamilton-West, C. et al. Epidemiological description of the sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi) situation in southern Chile in august 2007. Prev. Vet. Med. 104, 341\u2013345 (2012).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"18210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150203","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0203","volume":"371","author":"ML Groner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Groner, M. L. et al. Lessons from sea louse and salmon epidemiology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Bio. Sci. 371, 20150203 (2016).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Bio. Sci."},{"key":"18210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03095","volume":"123","author":"AJ Harte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harte, A. J., Bowman, A. S., Salama, N. K. G. & Pert, C. C. Factors influencing the long-term dynamics of larval sea lice density at east and west coast locations in Scotland. Dis. Aq. Org. 123, 181\u2013192 (2017).","journal-title":"Dis. Aq. Org."},{"key":"18210_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"L Copley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Copley, L. et al. The occurrence of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer) on farmed salmon in Ireland (1995 to 2000). Mar. Res. Series. 17, 1\u201320 (2001).","journal-title":"Mar. Res. Series."},{"key":"18210_CR24","first-page":"118","volume":"364\u2013365","author":"D Jackson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jackson, D. et al. Result of an epidemiological study of sea lice infestation in South Connemara. West of Ireland. Aquac. 364\u2013365, 118\u2013123 (2012).","journal-title":"West of Ireland. Aquac."},{"key":"18210_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"53","author":"J D\u2019Arcy","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Arcy, J. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland\u20142021. Irish Fish. Bull. 53, 1\u201338 (2022).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.2000.00219.x","volume":"23","author":"CS Tucker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tucker, C. S., Sommerville, C. & Wootten, R. The effect of temperature and salinity on the settlement and survival of copepodids of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer, 1837) on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.. J. Fish Dis. 23, 309\u2013320 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2019.05.003","volume":"49","author":"S Dalvin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalvin, S. et al. Microbial communities associated with the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Mar. Genom. 49, 100688 (2020).","journal-title":"Mar. Genom."},{"key":"18210_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00814.x","volume":"30","author":"S Saksida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saksida, S., Karreman, G. A., Constantine, J. & Donald, A. Differences in Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance levels on Atlantic salmon farms in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. Canada. J. Fish Dis. 30, 357\u2013366 (2007).","journal-title":"Canada. J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088465","volume":"9","author":"ML Groner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Groner, M. L., Gettinby, G., Stormoen, M., Revie, C. W. & Cox, R. Modelling the impact of temperature-induced life history plasticity and mate limitation on the epidemic potential of a marine ectoparasite. PLoS ONE 9, e88465 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18210_CR30","first-page":"2330","volume":"279","author":"PA Jansen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jansen, P. A. et al. Sea lice as a density-dependent constraint to salmonid farming. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 279, 2330\u20132338 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"18210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00133","volume":"6","author":"TP Adams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adams, T. P., Proud, R. & Black, K. D. Connected networks of sea lice populations: Dynamics and implications for control. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 6, 273\u2013284 (2015).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2016.03.003","volume":"16","author":"MA Rittenhouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rittenhouse, M. A., Revie, C. W. & Hurford, A. A model for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) dynamics in a seasonally changing environment. Epidemics 16, 8\u201316 (2016).","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"18210_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx104","volume":"75","author":"KW Vollset","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vollset, K. W. et al. Disentangling the role of sea lice on the marine survival of Atlantic salmon. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 75, 50\u201360 (2018).","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"18210_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"P O\u2019Donohoe","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Donohoe, P. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland\u20142020. Irish Fish. Bull. 52, 1\u201342 (2021).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR35","unstructured":"DAFF: The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. A strategy for improved pest control on Irish salmon farms. 1\u201356 (2008)."},{"key":"18210_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01270-w","volume":"32","author":"I Vormedal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vormedal, I. Sea-lice regulation in salmon-farming countries: How science shape policies for protecting wild salmon. Aquac. Int. 32, 2279\u20132295 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"18210_CR37","unstructured":"ICES: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Faroes ecoregion\u2014Aquaculture Overview. ICES Aquaculture Overviews. 2022."},{"key":"18210_CR38","unstructured":"Sernapesca: Ministerio de Econom\u00eda Fomento y Turismo. Gu\u00eda Vigilancia Caligus. Gobierno de Chile. pp. 171\u2013194 (2022)."},{"key":"18210_CR39","unstructured":"INFOMAR: Integrated Mapping for the Sustainable Development of Ireland\u2019s Marine Resource. Barometry data. ie.marine.data:dataset. p. 855 (2017)."},{"key":"18210_CR40","unstructured":"Google Earth 10.67.0.5. Google LLC (2023)."},{"key":"18210_CR41","unstructured":"ERDDAP: Environmental Research Division\u2019s Data Access Programme, Marine Institute. Model monthly means. OF.IE.MI.OSIS. MonthlyModelMeans (2017)."},{"key":"18210_CR42","unstructured":"ERDDAP: Environmental Research Division\u2019s Data Access Programme, Marine Institute. Ireland\u2019s Marine Institute research vessel underway data 2013\u20132018. ie.marine.data:dataset. p. 845 (2021)."},{"key":"18210_CR43","unstructured":"ERDDAP: Environmental Research Division\u2019s Data Access Programme, Marine Institute. Coastal temperature network. ICTempNetwork (2025)."},{"key":"18210_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Global ocean OSTIA sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00165 (2023).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00165"},{"key":"18210_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Global ocean biogeochemistry analysis and forecast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00015 (2023).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00015"},{"key":"18210_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Global ocean physics reanalysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00021 (2023).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00021"},{"key":"18210_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Global ocean physics analysis and forecast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00016 (2024).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00016"},{"key":"18210_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Global ocean biogeochemistry hindcast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00019 (2024b).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00019"},{"key":"18210_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Atlantic\u2014European northwest shelf - ocean biogeochemistry analysis and forecast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00056 (2016).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00056"},{"key":"18210_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Atlantic\u2014European northwest shelf- ocean biogeochemistry reanalysis. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48670\/moi-00058 (2018).","DOI":"10.48670\/moi-00058"},{"key":"18210_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, 2009)."},{"key":"18210_CR52","first-page":"409","volume":"37","author":"J Durbin","year":"1950","unstructured":"Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression: I. Biometrika 37, 409\u2013428 (1950).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"18210_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8454.1978.tb00635.x","volume":"17","author":"TS Breusch","year":"1978","unstructured":"Breusch, T. S. Testing for autocorrelation in dynamic linear models. Aust. Econ. Pap. 17, 334\u2013355 (1978).","journal-title":"Aust. Econ. Pap."},{"key":"18210_CR54","first-page":"1303","volume":"46","author":"LG Godfrey","year":"1978","unstructured":"Godfrey, L. G. Testing for higher order serial correlation in regression equations when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econom. J. Econom. Soc. 46, 1303\u20131310 (1978).","journal-title":"Econom. J. Econom. Soc."},{"key":"18210_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9947-1943-0012401-3","volume":"54","author":"A Wald","year":"1943","unstructured":"Wald, A. Tests of statistical hypotheses concerning several parameters when the number of observations is large. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 54, 426\u2013482 (1943).","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"18210_CR56","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2024)."},{"key":"18210_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","volume":"9","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooks, M. E. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R. J. 9, 378\u2013400 (2017).","journal-title":"R. J."},{"key":"18210_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2016)."},{"key":"18210_CR59","unstructured":"Massicotte, P. & South, A. rnaturalearth: World map data from natural earth. R package version 1.0.1.9000. https:\/\/docs.ropensci.org\/rnaturalearth\/ (2025)."},{"key":"18210_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2007.00897.x","volume":"31","author":"F Lees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lees, F., Gettinby, G. & Revie, C. W. Changes in epidemiological patterns of sea lice infestation on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, in Scotland between 1996 and 2006. J. Fish Dis. 31, 259\u2013268 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001549","volume":"3","author":"F Lees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lees, F., Baillie, M., Gettinby, G. & Revie, C. W. The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in Scotland, 2002\u20132006. PLoS ONE 3, e1549 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18210_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735752","volume":"530","author":"E Zalcman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zalcman, E. et al. Sea lice infestation of salmonids in Chile between 2011 and 2017: Use of regulatory data to describe characteristics and identify risk factors. Aquaculture 530, 735752 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR63","unstructured":"RNM: Roinn na Mara. Fisheries research centre report for 1993. Fishery Leaflet. 158, 1\u201332 (1994)."},{"key":"18210_CR64","unstructured":"CSO: Central Statistics Office. Fishery Statistics 1999. pp. 1\u201312. https:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/media\/csoie\/releasespublications\/documents\/agriculture\/1999\/fishery_1999.pdf (1999)."},{"key":"18210_CR65","unstructured":"Maoil\u00e9idigh, N.O. et al. National report for Ireland\u2013the 2000 salmon season. Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon. ICES.1\u201350 (2000)."},{"key":"18210_CR66","unstructured":"Browne, R. et al. Status of Irish aquaculture 2007. MERC Consultants. pp. 1\u2013144 (2008). https:\/\/bim.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/bimStatus,of,Irish,Aquaculture,2006.pdf"},{"key":"18210_CR67","unstructured":"BIM: Ireland Seafood Development Agency. National seafood survey: Aquaculture report 2019. pp. 1\u201348 (2019)."},{"key":"18210_CR68","unstructured":"Dennis, J., Jackson, E., Perry, S. & Rihan, D. Annual aquaculture report 2022: A snapshot of ireland\u2019s aquaculture sector. BIM. pp. 1\u201368 (2022)."},{"key":"18210_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3354\/aei0004","volume":"1","author":"M Krko\u0161ek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krko\u0161ek, M. Host density thresholds and disease control for fisheries and aquaculture. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 1, 21\u201332 (2010).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR70","unstructured":"DMNR: Department of the Marine and Natural Resources. Monitoring protocol no. 3 for offshore finfish farms\u2014sea lice monitoring and control. pp. 1\u20137 (2000)."},{"key":"18210_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2000.00510.x","volume":"31","author":"IM Davies","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davies, I. M. & Rodger, G. K. A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquac. Res. 31, 869\u2013883 (2000).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"18210_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800399158","volume":"13","author":"TE Horsberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horsberg, T. E. Avermectin use in aquaculture. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 13, 1095\u20131102 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"18210_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00374-9","volume":"186","author":"J Stone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stone, J., Sutherland, I. H., Sommerville, C., Richards, R. H. & Varma, K. J. Field trials to evaluate the efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann, infestations in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.. Aquaculture 186, 205\u2013219 (2000).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01167-8","volume":"32","author":"CRS Thompson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thompson, C. R. S. et al. Comparison of non-medicinal delousing strategies for parasite (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) removal efficacy and welfare impact on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hosts. Aquac. Int. 32, 383\u2013411 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"18210_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2021.100703","volume":"20","author":"T Mc Dermott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mc Dermott, T. et al. Novel use of nanofiltered hyposaline water to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus) and amoebic gill disease, on a commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farm. Aquac. Rep. 20, 100703 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"18210_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12731","volume":"41","author":"M Bolton-Warberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bolton-Warberg, M. An overview of cleaner fish use in Ireland. J. Fish Dis. 41, 935\u2013939 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00345","volume":"12","author":"K Overton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Overton, K., Barrett, L. T., Oppedal, F., Kristiansen, T. S. & Dempster, T. Sea lice removal by cleaner fish in salmon aquaculture: A review of the evidence base. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 12, 31\u201344 (2020).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08538-w","volume":"12","author":"D Hamoutene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamoutene, D., Oldford, V. & Donnet, S. Drug and pesticide usage for sea lice treatment in salmon aquaculture sites in a Canadian province from 2016 to 2019. Sci. Rep. 12, 4475 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"18210_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.12.005","volume":"50","author":"LT Barrett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrett, L. T., Overton, K., Stien, L. H., Oppedal, F. & Dempster, T. Effect of cleaner fish on sea lice in Norwegian salmon aquaculture: A national scale data analysis. Int. J. Parasitol. 50, 787\u2013796 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"18210_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741267","volume":"593","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Bearth, A. & Siegrist, M. Sea lice management in marine-based salmon farming: Public perceptions and acceptance in England and Scotland. Aquaculture 593, 741267 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2024.108359","volume":"227","author":"RB Mezzalira Pincinato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mezzalira Pincinato, R. B., Oglend, A., Smith, M. D. & Asche, F. Biological control of a parasite: The efficacy of cleaner fish in salmon farming. Ecol. Econ. 227, 108359 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"18210_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00320","volume":"11","author":"LA Hamre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamre, L. A., Bui, S., Oppedal, F., Skern-Mauritzen, R. & Dalvin, S. Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis parasitic stages in temperatures ranging from 3 to 24\u00a0\u00b0C. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 11, 429\u2013443 (2019).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0050","volume":"73","author":"F Samsing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samsing, F. et al. Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) development times, body size, and reproductive outputs follow universal models of temperature dependence. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 73, 1\u201311 (2016).","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"18210_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1163\/18759866-0690102005","volume":"69","author":"K Boxaspen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boxaspen, K. & N\u00e6ss, T. Development of eggs and the planktonic stages of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) at low temperatures. Contrib. Zool. 69, 51\u201355 (2000).","journal-title":"Contrib. Zool."},{"key":"18210_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13253","volume":"43","author":"S Dalvin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalvin, S. et al. The effect of temperature on ability of Lepeophtheirus salmonis to infect and persist on Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Dis. 43, 1519\u20131529 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"18210_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-017-0557-0","volume":"32","author":"F Samsing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samsing, F., Johnsen, I., Dempster, T., Oppedal, F. & Treml, E. A. Network analysis reveals strong seasonality in the dispersal of a marine parasite and identifies areas for coordinated management. Landsc. Ecol. 32, 1953\u20131967 (2017).","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"18210_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009573108","volume":"107","author":"GD Marty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marty, G. D., Saksida, S. M. & Quinn, T. J. II. Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations. PNAS 107, 2599\u201322604 (2010).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"18210_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01651.x","volume":"38","author":"S Saksida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saksida, S., Constantine, J., Karreman, G. A. & Donald, A. Evaluation of sea lice abundance levels on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) located in the Broughton archipelago of British Columbia from 2003 to 2005. Aquac. Res. 38, 219\u2013231 (2007).","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"18210_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.01.040","volume":"489","author":"LM Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall, L. M. & Murray, A. G. Describing temporal change in adult female Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance on Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon at the national and regional levels. Aquaculture 489, 148\u2013153 (2018).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00483","volume":"16","author":"B Rabe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabe, B., Murray, A. G., Ives, S. C., Moriarty, M. & Morris, D. J. Searching for sea lice: Surveillance to assess environmental infection pressures to model and inform sea lice infestation management. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 16, 241\u2013262 (2024).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR91","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"P O\u2019Donohoe","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Donohoe, P. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland \u20142005. Irish Fish. Bull. 24, 1\u201336 (2006).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"P O\u2019Donohoe","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Donohoe, P. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland \u20142006. Irish Fish. Bull. 28, 1\u201339 (2007).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR93","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"P O\u2019Donohoe","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Donohoe, P. et al. National survey of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer and Caligus elongatus Nordmann) on fish farms in Ireland \u20142007. Irish Fish. Bull. 31, 1\u201342 (2008).","journal-title":"Irish Fish. Bull."},{"key":"18210_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.10.011","volume":"468","author":"GS Gunnarsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gunnarsson, G. S. et al. Temporal changes in infections with some pathogens associated with gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 468, 126\u2013134 (2017).","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"18210_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00099","volume":"5","author":"AG Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murray, A. G. & Hall, M. Treatment rates for sea lice of Scottish inshore marine salmon farms depend on local (sea loch) farmed salmon biomass and oceanography. Aquac. Environ. Interact. 5, 117\u2013125 (2014).","journal-title":"Aquac. Environ. Interact."},{"key":"18210_CR96","first-page":"843","volume":"7","author":"E Salami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salami, E., Salari, M., Sheibani, S. N., Kheirabad, M. H. & Teymouri, E. Dataset on the assessments the rate of changing of dissolved oxygen and temperature of surface water, case study: California USA.. JETT. 7, 843\u2013852 (2020).","journal-title":"JETT."},{"key":"18210_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geitung, L. et al. Crowding causes detachment and loss of mobile sea lice: Fine-meshed crowding nets may mitigate spread. Aquac. Rep. 42,  102784, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.102784"},{"key":"18210_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742065","volume":"598","author":"S Dalvin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dalvin, S., Oppedal, F., Harvey, M. & Barrett, L. T. Salmon lice detached during aquaculture practices survive and can reinfest other hosts. Aquac. 598, 742065 (2025).","journal-title":"Aquac."},{"key":"18210_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00006","volume":"1","author":"PA Gillibrand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gillibrand, P. A. & Willis, K. J. Dispersal of sea louse larvae from salmon farms: Modelling the influence of environmental conditions and larval behaviour. Aquat. Biol. 1, 63\u201375 (2007).","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"18210_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.011","volume":"136","author":"G Arriagada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arriagada, G. et al. Evaluating the effect of synchronized sea lice treatments in Chile. Prev. Vet. Med. 136, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18210-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18210-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18210-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:03:56Z","timestamp":1759493036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18210-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18210-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34614"}}