{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:02:31Z","timestamp":1790902951647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18550-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T11:58:10Z","timestamp":1759751890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Probiotics as a therapeutic approach to alleviate reproductive harm from polystyrene microplastics in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi-Yuh","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quei-Tse","family":"Tsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrell","family":"Felim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruei-Feng","family":"Shiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanbin","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zwe-Ling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng-Fwu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"18550_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","volume":"304","author":"RC Thompson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thompson, R. C. et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?. Science 304, 838\u2013838 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"18550_CR2","unstructured":"Arthur, C., Baker, J. E. & Bamford, H. A. Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine Debris, September 9\u201311, 2008, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA. (2009)."},{"key":"18550_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.001","volume":"68","author":"CG Alimba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alimba, C. G. & Faggio, C. Microplastics in the marine environment: current trends in environmental pollution and mechanisms of toxicological profile. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 68, 61\u201374 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"18550_CR4","unstructured":"PlasticsEurope. Plastics \u2013 the Facts 2021. An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data, <https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/plastics-the-facts-2021> (2021)."},{"key":"18550_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijer, L. J., van Emmerik, T., van der Ent, R., Schmidt, C. & Lebreton, L. More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Science Advances 7, eaaz5803 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5803"},{"key":"18550_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0206-z","volume":"5","author":"M Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C. M. & Neff, R. A. Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environ. Health Rep. 5, 375\u2013386 (2018).","journal-title":"Current Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"18550_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0284","volume":"364","author":"EL Teuten","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teuten, E. L. et al. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 364, 2027\u20132045 (2009).","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans. Royal Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"18550_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.10.013","volume":"185","author":"O Set\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2014","unstructured":"Set\u00e4l\u00e4, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V. & Lehtiniemi, M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ. Pollut. 185, 77\u201383 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"18550_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030250","author":"WI Izuddin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Izuddin, W. I., Humam, A. M., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L. & Samsudin, A. A. Dietary postbiotic lactobacillus plantarum improves serum and ruminal antioxidant activity and upregulates hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Antioxidants (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9030250 (2020).","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"18550_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03163","volume":"49","author":"D Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, D. et al. Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 13622\u201313627 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"18550_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103244","volume":"143","author":"A Abbasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbasi, A., Aghebati-Maleki, A., Yousefi, M. & Aghebati-Maleki, L. Probiotic intervention as a potential therapeutic for managing gestational disorders and improving pregnancy outcomes. J. Reprod. Immunol. 143, 103244 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"18550_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126124","volume":"416","author":"LF Amato-Louren\u00e7o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amato-Louren\u00e7o, L. F. et al. Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 126124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126124 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"18550_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194970","volume":"13","author":"M Kosuth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kosuth, M., Mason, S. A. & Wattenberg, E. V. Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PLoS ONE 13, e0194970 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18550_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","volume":"405","author":"B Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou, B., Wang, F., Liu, T. & Wang, Z. Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: In vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice. J. Hazard. Mater. 405, 124028 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"18550_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03871-7","volume":"98","author":"JK Bhardwaj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, J. K., Siwach, A., Sachdeva, D. & Sachdeva, S. N. Revisiting cadmium-induced toxicity in the male reproductive system: an update. Arch. Toxicol. 98, 3619\u20133639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03871-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"18550_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","volume":"401","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin, H. et al. Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice. J. Hazard. Mater. 401, 123430 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"18550_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133","volume":"190","author":"X Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, X. et al. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics causes reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress and activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 190, 110133 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"18550_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5423","volume":"175","author":"Y Lu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lu, Y. & Wahl, L. M. Oxidative stress augments the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2 through enhancement of NF-\u03baB activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated human primary monocytes. J. Immunol. 175, 5423\u20135429 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"18550_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582110198","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258211019882","volume":"19","author":"MU Ijaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ijaz, M. U. et al. Dose-dependent effect of polystyrene microplastics on the testicular tissues of the male sprague dawley rats. Dose Response 19, 15593258211019882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15593258211019882 (2021).","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"18550_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/157339908783502398","volume":"4","author":"J Ramalho-Santos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramalho-Santos, J., Amaral, S. & Oliveira, P. J. Diabetes and the impairment of reproductive function: possible role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 4, 46\u201354 (2008).","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"18550_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4055","volume":"41","author":"JK Bhardwaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, J. K., Panchal, H. & Saraf, P. Cadmium as a testicular toxicant: A review. J. Appl. Toxicol. 41, 105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.4055 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"18550_CR22","unstructured":"Gurung, P. & Jialal, I. Physiology, male reproductive system. StatPearls [Internet] (2020)."},{"key":"18550_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000299767","volume":"91","author":"JT George","year":"2010","unstructured":"George, J. T., Millar, R. P. & Anderson, R. A. Hypothesis: kisspeptin mediates male hypogonadism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Neuroendocrinology 91, 302\u2013307 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"18550_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122493","volume":"267","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Meta-analysis of the effects of microplastic on fish: Insights into growth, survival, reproduction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota diversity. Water Res. 267, 122493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122493 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"18550_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32004","author":"I Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan, I. & Umapathy, S. Probiotics an emerging therapeutic approach towards gut-brain-axis oriented chronic health issues induced by microplastics: A comprehensive review. Heliyon https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32004 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"18550_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17756","author":"K Hunt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hunt, K. et al. Exposure to microplastics and human reproductive outcomes: A systematic review. BJOG: An Int. J. Obstetrics Gynaecol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17756 (2024).","journal-title":"BJOG: An Int. J. Obstetrics Gynaecol."},{"key":"18550_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108002","volume":"177","author":"S Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, S. et al. Reproductive toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics. Environ. Int. 177, 108002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108002 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"18550_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, H.-C. et al. Immunomodulatory activity of Lactococcus lactis A17 from Taiwan fermented cabbage in OVA-sensitized BALB\/c mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/287803"},{"key":"18550_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.022","volume":"132","author":"F Yan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yan, F. et al. Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth. Gastroenterology 132, 562\u2013575 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"18550_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and B. breve Beads Modified the Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviated the Inflammatory Response in High-Fat Diet\u2013Fed Mice. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins 12, 535\u2013544 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09564-3"},{"key":"18550_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helli, B., Kavianpour, M., Ghaedi, E., Dadfar, M. & Haghighian, H. K. Probiotic effects on sperm parameters, oxidative stress index, inflammatory factors and sex hormones in infertile men. Human Fertility, 1\u20139 (2020).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.18581\/v1"},{"key":"18550_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2021.105174","volume":"128","author":"GC Vale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vale, G. C. & Mayer, M. P. A. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus by-products on gingival epithelial cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch. Oral Biol. 128, 105174 (2021).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"18550_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114158","volume":"261","author":"F Amereh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amereh, F., Babaei, M., Eslami, A., Fazelipour, S. & Rafiee, M. The emerging risk of exposure to nano (micro) plastics on endocrine disturbance and reproductive toxicity: from a hypothetical scenario to a global public health challenge. Environ. Pollut. 261, 114158 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"18550_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13567","volume":"53","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum alone or in combination regulate intestinal flora composition and systemic immunity to alleviate obesity syndrome in high-fat diet rat. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 53, 137\u2013146 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"18550_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114574","volume":"252","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Cellular absorption of polystyrene nanoplastics with different surface functionalization and the toxicity to RAW264. 7 macrophage cells. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 252, 114574 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"18550_CR36","unstructured":"Robertson, C. Comparative methodology for analyzing nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 Murine macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide treatment. (2019)."},{"key":"18550_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.11.010","volume":"31","author":"G Collodel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Collodel, G. et al. Effect of trans-resveratrol on induced oxidative stress in human sperm and in rat germinal cells. Reprod. Toxicol. 31, 239\u2013246 (2011).","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"18550_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23618","volume":"37","author":"X Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, X. et al. Polystyrene nanoplastics exacerbated lipopolysaccharide-induced necroptosis and inflammation via the ROS\/MAPK pathway in mice spleen. Environ. Toxicol. 37, 2552\u20132565 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"18550_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.117","volume":"97","author":"NA Mohamed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohamed, N. A., Ahmed, O. M., Hozayen, W. G. & Ahmed, M. A. Ameliorative effects of bee pollen and date palm pollen on the glycemic state and male sexual dysfunctions in streptozotocin-Induced diabetic wistar rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 97, 9\u201318 (2018).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"18550_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/s30800276","volume":"3","author":"J Sun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sun, J., Zhang, X., Broderick, M. & Fein, H. Measurement of nitric oxide production in biological systems by using Griess reaction assay. Sensors 3, 276\u2013284 (2003).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"18550_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1518","volume":"39","author":"S Dhindsa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhindsa, S. et al. Insulin resistance and inflammation in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and their reduction after testosterone replacement in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 39, 82\u201391 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"18550_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23642","volume":"522","author":"GS Parks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parks, G. S., Wang, L., Wang, Z. & Civelli, O. Identification of neuropeptide receptors expressed by melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. J. Comparative Neurol. 522, 3817\u20133833 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Comparative Neurol."},{"key":"18550_CR43","unstructured":"Farhana, A. & Lappin, S. L. in StatPearls [internet] (StatPearls Publishing, 2023)."},{"key":"18550_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.001149","volume":"28","author":"M Fraczek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fraczek, M. & Kurpisz, M. Inflammatory mediators exert toxic effects of oxidative stress on human spermatozoa. J. Androl. 28, 325\u2013333 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"18550_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.012","volume":"110","author":"X-X Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han, X.-X. et al. Protective effects of astragalin on spermatogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male mice by improving antioxidant activity and inhibiting inflammation. Biomed. Pharmacother. 110, 561\u2013570 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"18550_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1319","volume":"28","author":"HJ Novaira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Novaira, H. J. et al. Disrupted kisspeptin signaling in GnRH neurons leads to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Mol. Endocrinol. 28, 225\u2013238 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"18550_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110997","volume":"518","author":"JB Graceli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graceli, J. B. et al. The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure in the mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 518, 110997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110997 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"18550_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190","volume":"586","author":"AA Horton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horton, A. A., Walton, A., Spurgeon, D. J., Lahive, E. & Svendsen, C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci. Total Environ. 586, 127\u2013141 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"18550_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Henkel, R., Sengupta, P. & Agarwal, A. in Male infertility 337\u2013345 (Springer, 2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32300-4_27"},{"key":"18550_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582110198","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258211019882","volume":"19","author":"MU Ijaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ijaz, M. U. et al. Dose-dependent effect of polystyrene microplastics on the testicular tissues of the male Sprague Dawley rats. Dose-Response 19, 15593258211019882 (2021).","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"18550_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.18311\/ti\/2023\/v30i4\/33893","volume":"30","author":"J Bhardwaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, J. & Rathee, V. Toxicological impact of nanoparticles on reproductive system: A review. Toxicol Int 30, 605\u2013628 (2023).","journal-title":"Toxicol Int"},{"key":"18550_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, T. et al. Relationship between gut microbiota and host-metabolism: Emphasis on hormones related to reproductive function. Animal Nutrition (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.005"},{"key":"18550_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M038869","volume":"54","author":"JM Ridlon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ridlon, J. M. et al. Clostridium scindens: a human gut microbe with a high potential to convert glucocorticoids into androgens. J. Lipid Res. 54, 2437\u20132449 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"18550_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103809","volume":"9","author":"M Al-Asmakh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Asmakh, M. et al. The gut microbiota and developmental programming of the testis in mice. PLoS ONE 9, e103809 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"18550_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050559","volume":"14","author":"S Facchin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Facchin, S. et al. Short-chain fatty acids and human health: From metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications. Life 14, 559 (2024).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"18550_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","author":"W Fusco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fusco, W. et al. Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: Key components of the human gut microbiota. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15092211 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18550-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18550-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18550-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:07:58Z","timestamp":1760141278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18550-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18550-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethics statement: The authors followed the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University\u2019s evaluated and approved ethics committee (IUCUC approved number 110028, 13 July 2021). The study protocol for using laboratory animals for this study followed Directive 2010\/63\/EU guidelines. No humans were used in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Animal and human rights"}}],"article-number":"34783"}}