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Genetic variation in androgen pathways is essential in PCa development and progression. Cytochrome P450 17A1 (\n                    <jats:italic>CYP17A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene encodes a critical metabolic enzyme involved in testosterone (TT) synthesis, as it converts cholesterol into androstenedione. Similarly, the 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>HSD3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to androstenedione, a critical precursor for TT production. The case-control study was conducted on 40 PCa patients and 40 healthy males with matching ages. Detection of\n                    <jats:italic>CYP17A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>HSD3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    polymorphisms was done using the TaqMan genotyping assay, and estimation of TT levels in serum was done using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Detected genotypes were AA, AG, and GG for\n                    <jats:italic>CYP17A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and AA and CA for\n                    <jats:italic>HSD3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; the adrenal-permissive CC genotype of\n                    <jats:italic>HSD3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was absent. The TT levels were significantly lower in PCa patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.00148). No significant associations were found between polymorphisms in\n                    <jats:italic>CYP17A1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HSD3B1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and TT levels. The HSD3B1 CA genotype showed a non-significant trend toward increased PCa risk (OR\u2009=\u20092.39,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.183) that requires validation in larger studies before any clinical relevance can be established.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18752-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T18:41:52Z","timestamp":1759171312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between CYP17A1 and HSD3B1 gene polymorphisms and testosterone levels in Nigerian prostate cancer patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christogonus Chichebe","family":"Ekenwaneze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleiman","family":"Zakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Chimuebuka","family":"Amadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Okesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon Oladapo","family":"Rotimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ademola","family":"Oyekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olamijulo","family":"Fatiregun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeka Eze Joshua","family":"Iweala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folakemi","family":"Odedina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olubanke Olujoke","family":"Ogunlana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"18752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2015.06.003","volume":"70","author":"B Mittal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mittal, B., Tulsyan, S., Kumar, S., Mittal, R. 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All authors declare no conflict of interest","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33588"}}