{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:34:25Z","timestamp":1791473665343,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18872-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:23:16Z","timestamp":1759846996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of Morus nigra and Morus alba grown in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aishah","family":"Al Dhanhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Tsombou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaher","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Ridouane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"18872_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2008.08.007","volume":"119","author":"M Ozgen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ozgen, M., Serce, S. & Kaya, K. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Sci. Hortic. 119, 275\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scienta.2008.08.007 (2009).","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"18872_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2020.100011","volume":"2","author":"GK Rohela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rohela, G. K., Shukla, P., Kumar, R. & Chowdhury, S. R. Mulberry (Morus spp.): An ideal plant for sustainable development. Trees For. People 2, 100011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tfp.2020.100011 (2020).","journal-title":"Trees For. People"},{"key":"18872_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7694","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147694","volume":"23","author":"Z Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. Anti-Inflammatory activity of mulberry leaf flavonoids in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 7694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23147694 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"18872_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14061282","volume":"14","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, J. et al. Metabolome and transcriptome integrated analysis of mulberry leaves for insight into the formation of bitter taste. Genes 14, 1282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14061282 (2023).","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"18872_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9040444","volume":"9","author":"ED Baciu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baciu, E. D., Baci, G. M., Moise, A. R. & Dezmirean, D. S. A status review on the importance of Mulberry (Morus spp.) and prospects towards its cultivation in a controlled environment. J. Hortic. 9, 444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/horticulturae9040444 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hortic."},{"key":"18872_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9149-y","volume":"41","author":"K Kandylis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kandylis, K., Hadjigeorgiou, I. & Harizanis, P. The nutritive value of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) as a feed supplement for sheep. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-008-9149-y (2009).","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"18872_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.5073\/JABFQ.2014.087.014","volume":"87","author":"F Koyuncu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koyuncu, F., \u00c7etinba, M. & Ibrahim, E. Nutritional constituents of wild-grown black mulberry (Morus nigra). J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual. 87(1), 93\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5073\/JABFQ.2014.087.014 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"18872_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030689","volume":"10","author":"C Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, C., Mohamad, R. U. H., Saikim, F. H., Mahyudin, A. & Mohd, N. Morus alba plant: Bioactive compounds and potential as a functional food ingredient. Foods 10, 689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10030689 (2021).","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"18872_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"M Mehta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mehta, M. & Kumar, A. Nutrient composition, phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of Morus nigra: A review. IJISR 6(2), 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"IJISR"},{"issue":"2","key":"18872_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X12500279","volume":"40","author":"W Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zu, Y., Fu, Y. & Efferth, T. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from Morus alba L. leaves, stems and fruits. Am. J. Chin. Med. 40(2), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0192415X12500279 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"18872_CR11","first-page":"40","volume":"40","author":"MD Solares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solares, M. D. et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of fresh extracts of Morus alba L. leaves. Pasto.s.y Forrajes 40, 40\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Pasto.s.y Forrajes"},{"issue":"1","key":"18872_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"S Laohasilpsomjit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laohasilpsomjit, S., Bronlund, J. E. & Utto, W. Antimicrobial activity of Mulberry leaf extract on postharvest soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora. Rajabhat Agric. 16(1), 1\u20138 (2017).","journal-title":"Rajabhat Agric."},{"issue":"8","key":"18872_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2021.00763","volume":"14","author":"DL Aulifa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aulifa, D. L., Haque, S., Riasari, H. & Budiman, A. Antibacterial effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) stem bark extract on Streptococcus mutans. Res. J. Pharm. and Tech. 14(8), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52711\/0974-360X.2021.00763 (2021).","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. and Tech."},{"issue":"3","key":"18872_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2010.56","volume":"25","author":"SH Masood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masood, S. H. & Aslam, N. In vitro susceptibility test of different clinical isolates against ceftriaxone. Oman Med. J. 25(3), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5001\/omj.2010.56 (2010).","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"18872_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2016.2605","volume":"2","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmad, R. & Ahmed, A. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Morus nigra and Citrus limon. Int. j. Ayurvedic herb. med. 2(6), 213\u2013217 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. j. Ayurvedic herb. med."},{"key":"18872_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2991\/absr.k.200807.001","volume":"10","author":"DH Putri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Putri, D. H., Hafids, V. H., Sofani, A. & Susanti, T. Potential of andalas (Morus macroura) ethanol extract in inhibiting the microbial growth. Adv. Biol. Sci. Res. 10, 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/absr.k.200807.001 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"18872_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2012.753134","volume":"147","author":"LEE Selbmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Selbmann, L. E. E. et al. Biodiversity, evolution, and adaptation of fungi in extreme environments. Plant Biosyst. 147(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11263504.2012.753134 (2013).","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"18872_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy008","volume":"42","author":"A Deveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deveau, A. et al. Bacterial-fungal interactions: Ecology, mechanisms, and challenges. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 42, 335\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuy008 (2018).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"18872_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822000000400003","volume":"31","author":"GGF Nascimento","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nascimento, G. G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C. & Silva, G. L. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol. 31, 247\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-83822000000400003 (2000).","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"18872_CR20","first-page":"3807","volume":"7","author":"P Mathur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathur, P., Singh, A., Srivastava, V., Singh, D. & Mishra, Y. Antimicrobial activity of indigenous wildly growing plants: Potential source of green antibiotics. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 7, 3807\u20133815 (2013).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"18872_CR21","unstructured":"Andersen, B.M., Lereim, I. & Hochlin, K. Handbook in Hygiene and Infection Control for Hospitals. (Ullev\u00e5l University Hospital, 2008)."},{"key":"18872_CR22","unstructured":"Andersen, B.M. Handbook in hygiene and infection control for hospitals. Part 1. Microbiology and infection control. (Fagbokforlaget, 2014)."},{"key":"18872_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen, B.M. Dangerous microbes. prevention and control of infections in hospital. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99921-0_80 (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99921-0_80"},{"key":"18872_CR24","first-page":"124","volume":"16","author":"SM Shahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahin, S. M., Kurup, S., Cheruth, J., Lennartz, F. & Salem, M. Growth, yield, and physiological responses of Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb. under varied irrigation levels in sandy soils. J. Food Agric. Environ 16, 124\u2013134 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ"},{"key":"18872_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122618","volume":"10","author":"SM Shahin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahin, S. M., Jaleel, A. & Alyafei, M. A. M. Yield and in vitro antioxidant potential of essential oil from Aerva javanica (burm. F.) juss. Ex. schul flower with special emphasis on seasonal changes. Plants 10, 2618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10122618 (2021).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"18872_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2018.1512422","volume":"21","author":"S Shahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahin, S., Kurup, S., Cheruth, A. J. & Salem, M. Chemical composition of Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb. essential oils under different irrigation levels in sandy soils with antioxidant activity. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 21, 1235\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0972060X.2018.1512422 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"18872_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.39517","volume":"39","author":"M Kivanc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kivanc, M. & Yapici, E. Survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus during the fermentation and storage of kefir. Food Sci. Technol. Campinas 39, 225\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/fst.39517 (2019).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Campinas"},{"key":"18872_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02162","volume":"10","author":"H Carolus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carolus, H., Van, D. K. & Van, D. P. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus species: A threatening twosome. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02162 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"18872_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030286","volume":"9","author":"S Bose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bose, S., Singh, D. V., Adhya, T. K. & Acharya, N. Escherichia coli, but not Staphylococcus aureus, functions as a chelating agent that exhibits antifungal activity against the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. J. Fungi 9, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9030286 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"issue":"5","key":"18872_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMB\/2023\/v23i5725","volume":"23","author":"R Nrior","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nrior, R., Ugboma, C., Lugbe, Q. & Ogbonna, D. Susceptibility of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to extracts of mango (Magnifera indica). J. Adv. Microbiol. 23(5), 46\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/JAMB\/2023\/v23i5725 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"18872_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00134-14","author":"SYC Tong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tong, S. Y. C., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L. & Fowler, V. G. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00134-14 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"18872_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12060974","volume":"12","author":"D Talapan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talapan, D., Sandu, A. M. & Rafila, A. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated between 2017 and 2022 from infections at a tertiary care hospital in Romania. Antibiotics 12, 974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12060974 (2023).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"18872_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067490","volume":"13","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Antibiotic resistance spectrum of E. coli strains from different samples and age grouped patients: a 10-year retrospective study. BMJ Open 13, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067490 (2023).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"18872_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1632-2","volume":"19","author":"G Fiedler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiedler, G. et al. Antibiotics resistance and toxin profiles of Bacillus cereus-group isolates from fresh vegetables from German retail markets. BMC Microbiol. 19, 250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-019-1632-2 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"18872_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01594-18","volume":"62","author":"JR Barash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barash, J. R., Castles, J. B. & Arnon, S. S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 260 Clostridium botulinum type A, B, Ba, and Bf strains and a neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii type F strain isolated from California infant botulism patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 62, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01594-18 (2018).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"18872_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(05)70043-7","volume":"22","author":"J Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu, J., Cleveland, T. E., Nierman, W. C. & Bennett, J. W. Aspergillus flavus genomics: Gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 22(4), 194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1130-1406(05)70043-7 (2005).","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"18872_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040459","volume":"11","author":"JP Richardson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Richardson, J. P. Candida albicans: A Major fungal pathogen of humans. Pathogens 11, 459 (2022).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"20","key":"18872_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040459","volume":"105","author":"M Vil\u00e0","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vil\u00e0, M. & Weiner, J. Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species?\u2014Evidence from pair-wise experiments. Oikos 105(20), 229\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11040459 (2004).","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"18872_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-020-01040-1","volume":"221","author":"M Slate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slate, M., Fran\u00e7ois, M. T., Callaway, R. & El-Keblawy, A. Exotic Prosopis juliflora suppresses understory diversity and promotes agricultural weeds more than a native congener. Plant Ecol. 221, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11258-020-01040-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"18872_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2021-0064","volume":"100","author":"FM Tsombou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsombou, F. M., El-Keblawy, A., Elsheikh, E. A. E., Abuqamar, S. F. & El-Tarabily, K. A. Allelopathic effects of native and exotic Prosopis congeners in Petri dishes and potting soils: Assessment of the congeneric approach. Botany 100(3), 329\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjb-2021-0064 (2022).","journal-title":"Botany"},{"key":"18872_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1132","author":"M Macel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Macel, M., Vos, R. C. H. D., Jansen, J. J., Putten, W. H. D. V. & Dam, N. M. V. Novel chemistry of invasive plants: exotic species have more unique metabolomic profiles than native congeners. Ecol. Evol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.1132 (2014).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"18872_CR42","unstructured":"Ramadan, S. The United Arab Emirates Indigenous Essential Oil-Bearing Plants: Essential Oils of Aerva javanica and Cleome amblyocarpa Grown in Sandy Soils under Arid Conditions. Dissertations. United Arab Emirates University (United Arab Emirates, 2018). https:\/\/scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae\/all_dissertations\/114"},{"key":"18872_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.51776\/2309-6500_2020_6_3_7","volume":"6","author":"VV Byalt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byalt, V. V., Korshunov, M. V. & Korshunov, V. M. The Fujairah Scientific Herbarium-a new herbarium in the United Arab Emirates. Skvortsovia 6, 7 (2020).","journal-title":"Skvortsovia"},{"key":"18872_CR44","first-page":"23","volume":"1","author":"J Hudzicki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hudzicki, J. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1, 23 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Microbiol."},{"key":"18872_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19315260.2020.1713957","author":"A Sayeed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sayeed, A. et al. Nutritional status of exotic and indigenous vegetables. Int. J. Veg. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19315260.2020.1713957 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"18872_CR46","first-page":"2229","volume":"4","author":"P Piste","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piste, P., Sayaji, D. & Avinash, M. Calcium and its role in human body. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 4, 2229\u20133701 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"18872_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Report of the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Task Force on Methods for Nutrient Labeling Analyses, Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, 6, 1 (1993), 180A-201A, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/76.6.180A","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/76.6.180A"},{"key":"18872_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.13-143","volume":"96","author":"K Julshamn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Julshamn, K. et al. Determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods by pressure digestion and inductively coupled plasma\/mass spectrometry: First action 2013.06. J. AOAC Int. 96, 1101\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5740\/jaoacint.13-143 (2013).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"18872_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoac.int.2015.01","volume":"98","author":"M Briscoe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Briscoe, M. Determination of heavy metals in food by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: First Action 2015.01. J. AOAC Int. 98, 1113\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5740\/jaoac.int.2015.01 (2015).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"18872_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/92.1.61","volume":"92","author":"N Thiex","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thiex, N. Evaluation of analytical methods for the determination of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber in distillers dried grains with solubles. J. AOAC Int. 92(1), 61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/92.1.61 (2009).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"18872_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Changes in AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79 (1996), 363\u2013367, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/79.1.363","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/79.1.363"},{"key":"18872_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.12-129","volume":"95","author":"N Thiex","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiex, N., Novotny, L. & Crawford, A. Determination of ash in animal feed: AOAC official method 942.05 revisited. J. AOAC Int. 95, 1392\u20131397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5740\/jaoacint.12-129 (2012).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"18872_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.5.888","volume":"86","author":"N Thiex","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thiex, N., Anderson, S. & Gildemeister, B. Collaborators: Crude Fat, diethyl ether extraction, in feed, cereal grain, and forage (Randall\/Soxtec\/submersion method): collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 86, 888\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoac\/86.5.888 (2003).","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"18872_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.33096\/jffi.v8i3712","volume":"8","author":"N Nurlinda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nurlinda, N., Handayani, V. & Rasyid, F. Spectrophotometric determination of total flavonoid content in Biancaea Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) leaves. J. Fitofarmaka Indonesia 8, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33096\/jffi.v8i3712 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Fitofarmaka Indonesia"},{"issue":"10","key":"18872_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X110060","volume":"6","author":"MA Hanifa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanifa, M. A. et al. Analytical evaluation of three wild growing Omani medicinal plants. Nat. Prod. Commun. 6(10), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1934578X110060 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"18872_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00011217","volume":"38","author":"EI Newman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Newman, E. I. & Andrews, R. E. Uptake of phosphorus and potassium in relation to root growth and root density. Plant Soil 38, 49\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00011217 (1973).","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"18872_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.802274","volume":"13","author":"M Ishfaq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishfaq, M. et al. Physiological essence of magnesium in plants and its widespread deficiency in the farming system of China. Front. Plant Sci. 13, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.802274 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"18872_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9041694","volume":"8","author":"AM Al Alawi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Alawi, A. M., Majoni, S. & Falhammar, H. Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions. Int. J. Endocrinol. 8, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/9041694 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"18872_CR59","first-page":"35","volume":"1","author":"A Patra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patra, A., Dutta, A., Mohapatra, K. K. & Pradhan, S. Nickel the ultra-micronutrient: Significant for plant growth and metabolism. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1, 35\u201337 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"242","key":"18872_CR60","first-page":"115","volume":"41","author":"Z Zdrojewicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zdrojewicz, Z., Popowicz, E. & Winiarski, J. Nikiel\u2014rola w organizmie czowieka i dziaanie toksyczne [Nickel\u2014role in human organism and toxic effects]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 41(242), 115\u2013118 (2016).","journal-title":"Pol. Merkur. Lekarski"},{"issue":"6","key":"18872_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.02.015","volume":"114","author":"JL Levings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levings, J. L. & Gunn, J. P. The imbalance of sodium and potassium intake: implications for dietetic practice. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 114(6), 838\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2014.02.015 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"issue":"5","key":"18872_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08288","volume":"36","author":"I Yruela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yruela, I. Copper in plants: Acquisition, transport, and interactions. Funct. Plant Biol. 36(5), 1\u201323 (2009).","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"18872_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1033092","volume":"7","author":"SM Hamzah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamzah, S. M., Usman, K., Rizwan, M., Al Jabri, H. & Alsafran, M. Functions and strategies for enhancing zinc availability in plants for sustainable agriculture. Front. Plant Sci. 7, 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2022.1033092 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"18872_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1504\/IJENVH.2007.018578","volume":"1","author":"M Araya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Araya, M., Olivares, M. & Pizarro, F. Copper in human health. Int. J. Environ. Health 1(4), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJENVH.2007.018578 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health"},{"key":"18872_CR65","first-page":"5","volume":"1","author":"D Bhowmik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhowmik, D., Bhattacharjee, C. & Kumar, S. A potential medicinal importance of zinc in human health and chronic disease. Int. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 1, 5\u201311 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"18872_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040272","volume":"9","author":"A Pannico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pannico, A. et al. Selenium biofortification impacts the nutritive value, polyphenolic content, and bioactive constitution of variable microgreens genotypes. Antioxidants 9, 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9040272 (2020).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"18872_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakizadeh, M., Sharafabadi, F.M., Shayegan, E. & Ghorbani, H. Concentrations and soil-to-plant transfer factor of selenium in soil and plant species from an arid area. In: World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium, Earth Environ. Sci. 44, 1\u20138 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/44\/5\/052027","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/44\/5\/052027"},{"key":"18872_CR68","unstructured":"McGregor, B. Nutritional value of some exotic and indigenous plants browsed by goats in southern Australia. In: Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 19, 1\u20135 (1992). 10536\/DRO\/DU:30065988"},{"key":"18872_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01858.x","volume":"99","author":"A Meisner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meisner, A., Boer, W. D., Verhoeven, K. J. F., Boschker, H. T. S. & Putten, W. H. Comparison of nutrient acquisition in exotic plant species and congeneric natives. J. Ecol. 99, 1308\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01858.x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"18872_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59574-3","volume":"10","author":"J Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. Nutritional quality, mineral and antioxidant content in lettuce affected by interaction of light intensity and nutrient solution concentration. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59574-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"18872_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040972","volume":"12","author":"LN Chaves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaves, L. N., Gonz\u00e1lez, F. M. & Al\u00edas, G. J. C. Comparison of the allelopathic potential of non-native and native species of Mediterranean ecosystems. Plants 12, 972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12040972 (2023).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"18872_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175377","volume":"26","author":"MC Dias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A. & Silva, A. M. S. Plant flavonoids: Chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules 26, 5377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26175377 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"18872_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2019.1662813","volume":"40","author":"K Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma, K. et al. Health effects, sources, utilization, and safety of tannins: a critical review. Toxin Rev. 40, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15569543.2019.1662813 (2019).","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"18872_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2022.27.1.14","volume":"27","author":"MA Ojo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ojo, M. A. Tannins in foods: Nutritional implications and processing effects of hydrothermal techniques on underutilized hard-to-cook legume seeds-a review. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 27(1), 14\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3746\/pnf.2022.27.1.14 (2022).","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"18872_CR75","first-page":"69","volume":"2","author":"C Koutsoukis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koutsoukis, C., Akrida-Demertzi, K., Demertzis, P. G., Voidarou, C. R. C. & Kandrelis, S. The variation of crude protein and total fat of the main grassland plants, in various stages of growth, in \u201cKostilata\u201d subalpine grassland in Theodoriana, Arta. Greece. Ekin J. Crop Breed. Genet. 2(2), 69\u201375 (2016).","journal-title":"Greece. Ekin J. Crop Breed. Genet."},{"key":"18872_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050993","volume":"10","author":"F Dell\u2019Anno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Anno, F. et al. Fungi can be more effective than bacteria for the bioremediation of marine sediments highly contaminated with heavy metals. Microorganisms 10, 993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10050993 (2022).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"18872_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122736","volume":"10","author":"S Suriyaprom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suriyaprom, S., Kaewkod, T., Promputtha, I., Desvaux, M. & Tragoolpua, Y. Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of white Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit extracts. Plants 10, 2736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants10122736 (2021).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"18872_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.55230\/mabjournal.v49i4.1599","volume":"49","author":"S Misbah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Misbah, S. Evaluation of phytochemical and antibacterial properties of white mulberry (Morus alba). Malays. Appl. Biol. 49, 107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55230\/mabjournal.v49i4.1599 (2021).","journal-title":"Malays. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"18872_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/eca2022-12726","volume":"12","author":"M Barral-Martinez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barral-Martinez, M. et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of extracts from plants of the family Asteraceae. Med. Sci. Forum 12, 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/eca2022-12726 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"18872_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2022.0199","volume":"73","author":"Y Lahlou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lahlou, Y., El Amraoui, B., El-Wahidi, M. & Bamhaoud, T. Chemical composition, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of Moroccan species of Psidium guajava extracts. Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 73, 65\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2022.0199 (2022).","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"18872_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020225","volume":"12","author":"A Thebti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thebti, A. et al. Antimicrobial activities and mode of flavonoid actions. Antibiotics 12, 225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020225 (2023).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"82","key":"18872_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2487-7","volume":"19","author":"G Maisetta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maisetta, G. et al. Tannin profile, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of extracts from two Mediterranean species of parasitic plant Cytinus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 19(82), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-019-2487-7 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18872-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18872-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18872-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:23:21Z","timestamp":1759847001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-18872-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["18872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18872-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34986"}}