{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:12:47Z","timestamp":1788318767301,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel, FUTUREWISE project","award":["FUTUREWISE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FUTUREWISE"]}]},{"name":"Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel, FUTUREWISE project","award":["FUTUREWISE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FUTUREWISE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19632-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:55Z","timestamp":1760362255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biocompatibility and structural insights of seaweed-derived cellulose scaffolds in a subcutaneous implantation model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nurit","family":"Bar-Shai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Din","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avshalom","family":"Shalom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Nyska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Golberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"19632_CR1","unstructured":"Lanza, R., Langer, R., Vacanti, J. & Atala, A. Principles of Tissue Engineering. (Academic Press, 2020)."},{"key":"19632_CR2","unstructured":"Wagner, W. R., Sakiyama-Elbert, S. E., Zhang, G. & Yaszemski, M. J. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. (Elsevier, 2020)."},{"key":"19632_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","volume":"14","author":"FJ O\u2019Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, F. J. Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater. Today 14, 88\u201395 (2011).","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"19632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200902589","volume":"21","author":"R Langer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Langer, R. Perspectives and challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Adv. Mater. 21, 3235\u20133236 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickey, R. J. & Pelling, A. E. Cellulose biomaterials for tissue engineering. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 7, (2019).","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00045"},{"key":"19632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460587","volume":"44","author":"D Klemm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.-P. & Bohn, A. Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 3358\u20133393 (2005).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"19632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0341","volume":"9","author":"LJ Gibson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gibson, L. J. The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials. J. R. Soc. Interface 9, 2749\u20132766 (2012).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"19632_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01527","volume":"7","author":"AC Bilirgen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilirgen, A. C. et al. Plant-based scaffolds in tissue engineering. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 7, 926\u2013938 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"19632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.10.071","volume":"92","author":"L Fu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu, L., Zhang, J. & Yang, G. Present status and applications of bacterial cellulose-based materials for skin tissue repair. Carbohydr. Polym. 92, 1432\u20131442 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"19632_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133830","volume":"277","author":"L Shang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shang, L., Wang, S. & Mao, Y. Recent advances in plant-derived polysaccharide scaffolds in tissue engineering: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 277, 133830(2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"19632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213580","volume":"154","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Current application and modification strategy of marine polysaccharides in tissue regeneration: A review. Biomater. Adv. 154, 213580 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"19632_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32959","volume":"119","author":"A Mihranyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mihranyan, A. Cellulose from cladophorales green algae: From environmental problem to high-tech composite materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119, 2449\u20132460 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"19632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1021\/bm061185q","volume":"8","author":"M Lahaye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lahaye, M. & Robic, A. Structure and functional properties of ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds. Biomacromol 8, 1765\u20131774 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomacromol"},{"key":"19632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghel, R. S., Reddy, C. R. K. & Singh, R. P. Seaweed-based cellulose: applications and future perspectives. Carbohydr. Polym. 118241 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118241"},{"key":"19632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.061","volume":"241","author":"A Chemodanov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chemodanov, A., Robin, A. & Golberg, A. Design of marine macroalgae photobioreactor integrated into building to support seagriculture for biorefinery and bioeconomy. Bioresour. Technol. 241, 1084\u20131093 (2017).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"19632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.10.046","volume":"75","author":"F Fernand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernand, F. et al. Offshore macroalgae biomass for bioenergy production: Environmental aspects, technological achievements and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 75, 35\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"19632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00283-6","volume":"5","author":"S Iravani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iravani, S. & Jamalipour Soufi, G. Algae-derived materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications: current trends and future perspectives. Emergent Mater. 5, 631\u2013652 (2022).","journal-title":"Emergent Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190521120051","volume":"25","author":"S Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Marrero-Berrios, I., Kabat, M. & Berthiaume, F. Recent advances in the use of algal polysaccharides for skin wound healing. Curr. Pharm. Des. 25, 1236\u20131248 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"19632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00215","volume":"52","author":"S Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Nyholm, L., Str\u00f8mme, M. & Wang, Z. Cladophora cellulose: Unique biopolymer nanofibrils for emerging energy, environmental, and life science applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 52, 2232\u20132243 (2019).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"19632_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madub, K. et al. Green seaweeds ulvan-cellulose scaffolds enhance in vitro cell growth and in vivo angiogenesis for skin tissue engineering. Carbohydr. Polym. 251, (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117025"},{"key":"19632_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90903-2","volume":"11","author":"N Bar-Shai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bar-Shai, N., Sharabani-Yosef, O., Zollmann, M., Lesman, A. & Golberg, A. Seaweed cellulose scaffolds derived from green macroalgae for tissue engineering. Sci. Rep. 11, 11843 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19632_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratner, B. D. The biocompatibility of implant materials. In Host Response to Biomaterials: The Impact of Host Response on Biomaterial Selection 1\u201325 (Elsevier, 2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800196-7.00003-7"},{"key":"19632_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36930","volume":"108","author":"E Marin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marin, E., Boschetto, F. & Pezzotti, G. Biomaterials and biocompatibility: An historical overview. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 108, 1617\u20131633 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"19632_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratner, B. D. & Schoen, F. J. Characterization of biomaterials. In Biomaterials Science (eds. Wagner, W. R., Sakiyama-Elbert, S. E., Zhang, G. & Yaszemski, M. J.) 843\u2013849 (Elsevier, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816137-1.00001-5"},{"key":"19632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004","volume":"20","author":"JM Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson, J. M., Rodriguez, A. & Chang, D. T. Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin. Immunol. 20, 86\u2013100 (2008).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"19632_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noskovicova, N., Hinz, B. & Pakshir, P. Implant fibrosis and the underappreciated role of myofibroblasts in the foreign body reaction. Cells 10, (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071794"},{"key":"19632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, R., Nyska, A. & Ramot, Y. Biocompatibility of polymers. In Biomaterials and Biopolymers (eds. Domb, A., Mizrahi, B. & Farah, S.) 235\u2013253 (Springer, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36135-7_11"},{"key":"19632_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"D Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. Dealing with the foreign-body response to implanted biomaterials: Strategies and applications of new materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 1\u201322 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR29","first-page":"2412","volume":"6","author":"J Litowczenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Litowczenko, J. et al. Milestones and current achievements in development of multifunctional bioscaffolds for medical application. Bioact. Mater. 6, 2412\u20132438 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurak, M., Wi\u0105cek, A. E., \u0141adniak, A., Przykaza, K. & Szafran, K. What affects the biocompatibility of polymers? Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 294, (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102451"},{"key":"19632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peltokallio, N. M. M. et al. Comparative in vivo biocompatibility of cellulose-derived and synthetic meshes in subcutaneous transplantation models. Biomacromolecules (2024).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c00984"},{"key":"19632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37425","volume":"110","author":"T Yamakawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamakawa, T. et al. Modified foreign body reaction to silicone imbedded in subcutaneous tissues by different mouse systemic immune conditions. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 110, 1921\u20131931 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"19632_CR33","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 10993\u20136: Biological evaluation of medical devices \u2014 Part 6: Tests for local effects after implantation. (2016)."},{"key":"19632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623318761348","volume":"46","author":"KA Schafer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schafer, K. A. et al. Use of severity grades to characterize histopathologic changes. Toxicol. Pathol. 46, 256\u2013265 (2018).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"19632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00023-4","volume":"33","author":"JE Babensee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Babensee, J. E., Anderson, J. M., McIntire, L. V. & Mikos, A. G. Host response to tissue engineered devices. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 33, 111\u2013139 (1998).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"19632_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modulevsky, D. J., Cuerrier, C. M. & Pelling, A. E. Biocompatibility of subcutaneously implanted plant-derived cellulose biomaterials. PLoS ONE 11, (2016).","DOI":"10.1101\/039644"},{"key":"19632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200504","volume":"2","author":"WK Ward","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ward, W. K. A review of the foreign-body response to subcutaneously-implanted devices: The role of macrophages and cytokines in biofouling and fibrosis. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2, 768\u2013777 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"19632_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.02.065","volume":"34","author":"K Garg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garg, K., Pullen, N. A., Oskeritzian, C. A., Ryan, J. J. & Bowlin, G. L. Macrophage functional polarization (M1\/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds. Biomaterials 34, 4439\u20134451 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"19632_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.03.012","volume":"107","author":"Y Ramot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramot, Y., Haim-Zada, M., Domb, A. J. & Nyska, A. Biocompatibility and safety of PLA and its copolymers. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 107, 153\u2013162 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"19632_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c00047","volume":"23","author":"Z Terzopoulou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terzopoulou, Z. et al. Biocompatible synthetic polymers for tissue engineering purposes. Biomacromol 23, 1841\u20131863 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomacromol"},{"key":"19632_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC00089B","volume":"22","author":"K Las Heras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Las Heras, K. et al. Soy protein and chitin sponge-like scaffolds: From natural by-products to cell delivery systems for biomedical applications. Green Chem. 22, 3445\u20133460 (2020).","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"19632_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34793","volume":"102","author":"A Rahmanian-Schwarz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahmanian-Schwarz, A. et al. In vivo biocompatibility and biodegradation of a novel thin and mechanically stable collagen scaffold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 102, 1173\u20131179 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"19632_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.07.005","volume":"9","author":"KB Chien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chien, K. B., Aguado, B. A., Bryce, P. J. & Shah, R. N. In vivo acute and humoral response to three-dimensional porous soy protein scaffolds. Acta Biomater. 9, 8983\u20138990 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"19632_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girard, V.-D. et al. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 112, e35488 (2024).","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35488"},{"key":"19632_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30570","volume":"76","author":"G Helenius","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helenius, G. et al. In vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 76, 431\u2013438 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"19632_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-014-2473-5","volume":"156","author":"IV Maiborodin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maiborodin, I. V. et al. Reaction of rat tissues to implantation of lactic acid-based biodegradable polymer. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 156, 874\u2013879 (2014).","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"19632_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.028","volume":"102","author":"K Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Overcoming foreign-body reaction through nanotopography: Biocompatibility and immunoisolation properties of a nanofibrous membrane. Biomaterials 102, 249\u2013256 (2016).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"19632_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contessi Negrini, N., Toffoletto, N., Far\u00e8, S. & Altomare, L. Plant tissues as 3D natural scaffolds for adipose, bone and tendon tissue regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8, (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00723"},{"key":"19632_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.052","volume":"217","author":"B Mahendiran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahendiran, B. et al. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of decellularized cellulose scaffolds functionalized with chitosan and platelet-rich plasma for tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 217, 522\u2013535 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"19632_CR50","first-page":"137","volume":"20","author":"M Janmohammadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janmohammadi, M. et al. Cellulose-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and localized drug delivery. Bioact. Mater. 20, 137\u2013163 (2023).","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50969","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50969","volume":"138","author":"M Zare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zare, M., Ghomi, E. R., Venkatraman, P. D. & Ramakrishna, S. Silicone-based biomaterials for biomedical applications: Antimicrobial strategies and 3D printing technologies. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 138, 50969 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"19632_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2021.1933977","volume":"71","author":"C Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, C. et al. Biomaterials in skin tissue engineering. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 71, 993\u20131011 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"19632_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112492","volume":"146","author":"V Gopinath","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gopinath, V. et al. Multifunctional applications of natural polysaccharide starch and cellulose: An update on recent advances. Biomed. Pharmacother. 146, 112492 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"19632_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.027","volume":"99","author":"J Ortiz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ortiz, J. et al. Dietary fiber, amino acid, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the edible seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Durvillaea antarctica. Food Chem. 99, 98\u2013104 (2006).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"19632_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadtler, K. et al. Design, clinical translation and immunological response of biomaterials in regenerative medicine. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.40"},{"key":"19632_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102087","volume":"11","author":"JL Hernandez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hernandez, J. L. & Woodrow, K. A. Medical applications of porous biomaterials: Features of porosity and tissue-specific implications for biocompatibility. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, 1\u201325 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"19632_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0933-0","volume":"42","author":"EM Sussman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sussman, E. M., Halpin, M. C., Muster, J., Moon, R. T. & Ratner, B. D. Porous implants modulate healing and induce shifts in local macrophage polarization in the foreign body reaction. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 42, 1508\u20131516 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"19632_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.035","volume":"10","author":"CR Almeida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almeida, C. R. et al. Impact of 3D-printed PLA- and chitosan-based scaffolds on human monocyte\/macrophage responses: Unraveling the effect of 3D structures on inflammation. Acta Biomater. 10, 613\u2013622 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"19632_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28665","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b10589","volume":"7","author":"TU Luu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luu, T. U., Gott, S. C., Woo, B. W. K., Rao, M. P. & Liu, W. F. Micro- and nanopatterned topographical cues for regulating macrophage cell shape and phenotype. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 28665\u201328672 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"19632_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008964819101","volume":"10","author":"A Rosengren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rosengren, A., Bjursten, L. M., Danielsen, N., Persson, H. & Kober, M. Tissue reactions to polyethylene implants with different surface topography. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 10, 75\u201382 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"19632_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB01040F","volume":"11","author":"TC Yadav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yadav, T. C. & Bachhuka, A. Tuning foreign body response with tailor-engineered nanoscale surface modifications: Fundamentals to clinical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 11, 7834\u20137854 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"19632_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200010)52:1<231::AID-JBM29>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"52","author":"JE Sanders","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sanders, J. E., Stiles, C. E. & Hayes, C. L. Tissue response to single-polymer fibers of varying diameters: Evaluation of fibrous encapsulation and macrophage density. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 52, 231\u2013237 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"19632_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00160-6","volume":"23","author":"WK Ward","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ward, W. K., Slobodzian, E. P., Tiekotter, K. L. & Wood, M. D. The effect of microgeometry, implant thickness and polyurethane chemistry on the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants. Biomaterials 23, 4185\u20134192 (2002).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"19632_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410","volume":"18","author":"N Percie du Sert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N. et al. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 18, e3000410 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"19632_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20006-y","volume":"8","author":"G Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, G. et al. Assessment of the characteristics and biocompatibility of gelatin sponge scaffolds prepared by various crosslinking methods. Sci. Rep. 8, 1616 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19632_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golberg, A. Emerging electroporation-based technologies for wound care. In Innovations and Emerging Technologies in Wound Care 155\u2013170 (Academic Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815028-3.00009-2"},{"key":"19632_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.03.013","volume":"37","author":"M Polikovsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polikovsky, M. et al. Towards marine biorefineries: Selective proteins extractions from marine macroalgae Ulva with pulsed electric fields. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 37, 194\u2013200 (2016).","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"19632_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057","volume":"32","author":"PM Crapo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crapo, P. M., Gilbert, T. W. & Badylak, S. F. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials 32, 3233\u20133243 (2011).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"19632_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30728","volume":"6","author":"N Trivedi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trivedi, N. et al. An integrated process for the extraction of fuel and chemicals from marine macroalgal biomass. Sci. Rep. 6, 1\u20138 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19632_CR70","first-page":"2271","volume":"32","author":"MS Prabhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prabhu, M. S., Israel, A., Palatnik, R. R., Zilberman, D. & Golberg, A. Integrated biorefinery process for sustainable fractionation of Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta): Process optimization and revenue analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 32, 2271\u20132282 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"19632_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7S","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312438738","volume":"40","author":"PC Mann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mann, P. C. et al. International harmonization of toxicologic pathology nomenclature: An overview and review of basic principles. Toxicol. Pathol. 40, 7S-13S (2012).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"19632_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623315623265","volume":"44","author":"R Kerlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerlin, R. et al. Scientific and regulatory policy committee: Recommended (\u2018best\u2019) practices for determining, communicating, and using adverse effect data from nonclinical studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 44, 147\u2013162 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"19632_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316642527","volume":"44","author":"X Palazzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palazzi, X. et al. Characterizing \u2018adversity\u2019 of pathology findings in nonclinical toxicity studies: Results from the 4th ESTP international expert workshop. Toxicol. Pathol. 44, 810\u2013824 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"19632_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wancket, L. M., Bolon, B., Funk, K. A. & Schuh, J. C. L. Toxicologic pathology forum*: Opinion on assessing and communicating adversity for implantable medical devices. Toxicol. Pathol. (2024).","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233241300313"},{"key":"19632_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233221103202","volume":"50","author":"MT O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M. T. et al. Scientific and regulatory policy committee points to consider for medical device implant site evaluation in nonclinical studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 50, 512\u2013530 (2022).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"19632_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581820935089","volume":"39","author":"P Baldrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baldrick, P. et al. Toxicology paradise: Sorting out adverse and non-adverse findings in animal toxicity studies. Int. J. Toxicol. 39, 365\u2013378 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19632-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19632-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19632-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:17:46Z","timestamp":1760368666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19632-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-19632-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6742423\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35667"}}